Free Essays on Fiber Optics

The Technology of Fiber Optics A fiber optic is a link that is rapidly supplanting out-dated copper wires. Fiber optics depend on an idea known as all out inside reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or information in either simple or computerized structure. Contrasted with copper wires it can transmit a large number of times more information and has many general uses going from broadcast communications, processing, and medication. In the mid year of 1970, researchers at the Corning Glass Works built up a solitary mode fiber with lost 20 dB/km. This relates to over a 99% misfortune more than one km, which may appear to be pointless, yet at the time it was a fantastic forward leap. On October 30, 1986, a fiber over the English Channel got operational. In December 1988, the TAT-8, the primary transoceanic fiber link turned out to be completely useful. As of now, the standard misfortunes of fiber are inside 0.5 †0.25 dB/km with an information move pace of one trillion bits for each second. The essential arrangement for a fiber optical framework is that initial, a transmitter gets an electrical sign, for the most part from a copper wire. The transmitter drives a current on a light source and the light source dispatches the optical sign into the fiber. Inside the link, repeaters frequently enhance the sign because of slight misfortunes in influence. When the sign is through the link, a light finder gets and changes over it back to an electrical sign to send down another copper wire. There are five layers in practically all fiber optic links. The inward most layer is the optical center. This is the light-conveying component commonly made of silica or germania with a record of refraction of 1.48. The layer encompassing the focal center is the optical cladding made of unadulterated silica and has a list of refraction of 1.46. It is the limit between these two layers that the light reflects off of, so the light never really enters the cladding, it just reflects off the limit. The following layer is the cushion material that shields the... Free Essays on Fiber Optics Free Essays on Fiber Optics The Technology of Fiber Optics A fiber optic is a link that is rapidly supplanting out-dated copper wires. Fiber optics depend on an idea known as complete inward reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or information in either simple or computerized structure. Contrasted with copper wires it can transmit a huge number of times more information and has many general uses running from broadcast communications, registering, and medication. In the late spring of 1970, researchers at the Corning Glass Works built up a solitary mode fiber with lost 20 dB/km. This compares to over a 99% misfortune more than one km, which may appear to be pointless, yet at the time it was a dynamite forward leap. On October 30, 1986, a fiber over the English Channel got operational. In December 1988, the TAT-8, the principal transoceanic fiber link turned out to be completely utilitarian. As of now, the standard misfortunes of fiber are inside 0.5 †0.25 dB/km with an information move pace of one trillion bits for each second. The essential arrangement for a fiber optical framework is that initial, a transmitter gets an electrical sign, for the most part from a copper wire. The transmitter drives a current on a light source and the light source dispatches the optical sign into the fiber. Inside the link, repeaters frequently intensify the sign because of slight misfortunes in influence. When the sign is through the link, a light identifier gets and changes over it back to an electrical sign to send down another copper wire. There are five layers in practically all fiber optic links. The internal most layer is the optical center. This is the light-conveying component regularly made of silica or germania with a file of refraction of 1.48. The layer encompassing the focal center is the optical cladding made of unadulterated silica and has a list of refraction of 1.46. It is the limit between these two layers that the light reflects off of, so the light never really enters the cladding, it just reflects off the limit. The following layer is the support material that shields the...

Finding Morality and Unity with God in Dantes Inferno Essay -- Alighi

Discovering Morality and Unity with God in Dante's Inferno All through the quick paced lives of individuals, we are continually settling on decisions that shape what our identity is, just as our general surroundings; be that as it may, one regularly discusses the way where one should come to address moral choices, and accomplish a highminded presence. Dante has an uncanny capacity to speak to with such exactness, the preliminaries of the everyman’s soul to accomplish ethical quality and discover solidarity with God, while presenting the excellence, silliness, and frightfulness of human life. Dante promptly connects his very own understanding to that of the entirety of mankind, as he announces, â€Å"Midway along an incredible way/I woke to end up in a dull wood,/for I had strayed from the straight path† (I.1-3). The dull wood is the corrupt life on earth, and the straight way is that of the prudent life that prompts God. Dante’s everyman, explorer character speaks to the entirety of mankind, and bears a lot of misfortune and allurement through disgusting conditions in a nightmarish vision of heck, in his hunt to discover the soul’s genuine way throughout everyday life. While he remains in hazard, Dante wishes that every individual would place themselves in a similar situation as the previously mentioned, as all of humanity knows some type of transgression, and furthermore meanders lost in a dull wood. Before accomplishing moral reclamation, an individual must truly investigate detestable both on the planet and in himself. Just by facing internal underhandedness can individuals accomplish self-information, which is the initial move toward reclamation. Dante feels hellfire is a vital, excruciating initial phase in any man’s otherworldly excursion, and the way to the favored after-life anticipates any individual who looks to discover it, and through a screen of persistence, one will discover the substance of God. In any case, Dante tries to paradise in a hopeful procedure, to discover salvation in God, regardless of the pitiless dungeon he needs to go through. As Dante endeavors to discover God in his life, those condemned to discipline in hellfire upset him from the genuine way, as the city of damnation in Inferno speaks to the negative results of evil activities and wants. In spite of the fact that the disciplines perpetually fit the wrongdoings of the delinquents and retributive equity rules, the tangible accentuation of dread and pity that Dante instills on the offenders delineates his human propensity to feel compassion towards one who is languishing. For instance, when Dante moves toward the gat... ...a bad habit. The excellence of mental fortitude, at that point, lies at the mean between the over the top outrageous of imprudence, and the insufficient extraordinary of weakness. Reason frequently calls for us to favor one side on moral issues, in any case, Dante shows the furthest point of good requests that Christianity makes on people, who are interminably unsteady. He mirrors that the world past the current one, is, similar to the real world, objective and efficient, and the sonnet permits us to see this specific, deliberate world. Dante makes himself everyman, and the excursion that God declared through some serious hardship is one man’s individual otherworldly excursion from profound scholarly good disarray to a sound and enduring confidence and expectation, in which Dante recharges his confidence. Dante stirs our expectation, and cautions against moral lack of concern by stripping endlessly the risky fantasies of sufficiency, driving one upward, at the unceasing heart of the real world. Dante propels the peruser to share his developing detestation of wrongdoing and his commitment to maintain God’s will. The poem’s object is to re-stir Dante, and, by augmentation, the peruser, to the truth of transgression and the going with requirement for admission and contrition, to come back to the straight way that prompts endless salvation.

911 Commissino Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

911 Commissino Report - Essay Example Hedge in late 2002, is sanctioned to set up a full and complete record of the conditions encompassing the September 11, 2001 fear monger assaults, including readiness for and the quick reaction to the assaults. The Commission is likewise commanded to give proposals intended to make preparations for future assaults. (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States)Meanwhile, to see the 9/11 assault on American, it is critical to express that the 9/11 assault was here and there all the more obliterating. It was done by a little gathering of individuals, insufficient to man a full company. Estimated on an administrative scale, the assets behind it were insignificant. The gathering itself was dispatched by an association situated in one of the most unfortunate, generally remote, and least industrialized nations on earth. This association enrolled a blend of youthful devotees and exceptionally instructed radicals who couldn't discover appropriate places in their home socia l orders or were driven from them. (Recorded Perspective)The Public Reports of the Commission was discharged on July 22, 2004, while August 21, the Commission additionally discharged two staffs monograph. In the mean time, after the discharged, there were loads of remarks from individuals in United States on her they got the last draft. Some likewise viewed the reports as Lie. The individuals who might cover reality have attempted (with some achievement) to condition the general population into partner any scrutinizing of the official variant of occasions with the name fear inspired notion (and certainly, neurotic paranoid fear). A second's thought will uncover this is a significant idiotic case, since to address, or to give occasion to feel qualms about uncertainty, some case or story isn't in itself to advance some other case or story, and still less any hypothesis. One may (the same number of do) question the U.S. government's tale about what occurred on 9/11 without being obliged to give any clarification whatsoever regarding what occurred on that day. (The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-Page Lie) The last report of the 9/11 commission affirms a significant number of the board's fundamental discoveries that have- - or ought to have- - humiliated the Bush organization. The commission notes, Our point has not been to dole out individual fault. Our point has been to give the fullest conceivable record of the occasions encompassing 9/11 and to distinguish exercises scholarly. And the facts confirm that the report points to screw-ups and careless policymaking submitted during both the Bush II and Clinton organizations. However, George W. Hedge is the officeholder president who needs to confront the voters in November. Despite the fact that Republicans as of late have been featuring the errors of the Clinton years, it isn't improper for voters to concentrate on what report educates us regarding Bush and his organization. As an open help, here is a gander at a few of those basic segments. (The 9/11 Reports: Bad News to Bush) The US Political pioneers and different relations of the casualties likewise responded on how they got the last reports of 9/11 Commission. US President Bush, remarks that They've done a great activity of finding out about our nation and finding out about what turned out badly before 11 September, and making sound, strong, suggestions about how to push ahead. I guaranteed them that where government needs to act, we will. There is as yet a danger. We in the legislature have a commitment to do our best to defend the American individuals. (Reaction to 9/11 Reports) End: Taking everything into account, we have seen and make appraisals on the beginning of the 9/11 Commission which was initiated so as to research the reasons for 9/11 assault on America. While individuals from the Commission appeared to

Participation of Juveniles in Deviant Behavior Essay

From the very first light of the development of common networks, a few sorts of conduct had been named unlawful and had been disheartened. Indeed, even the most punctual enactments had perpetrated discipline for encroachment of the surviving laws, in more extensive interests of their general public. This training has proceeded right up 'til today and it is regular information with regards to what does or doesn't comprise unsatisfactory or degenerate conduct. Aberrance has been depicted as the break of the social norms and one such case is wrongdoing. A significant subset of wrongdoing is adolescent misconduct or violations submitted by adolescents. Adolescent degenerate conduct happens because of various causes and a portion of these are an upset home condition, trouble in acclimating to the school condition that outcomes in ceasing school and in poor scholastic execution and partner with corrupt people. Customarily, the viewpoint of criminology has been confined to the contradiction of laws set somewhere near society. Then again, examine with regards to deviancy has received an a lot more extensive point of view and names any variation from the norm that is socially precluded as being freak. Likewise, the utilization of obscenities in discourse, blending with introverted component and liquor addiction comprise freak conduct. As such, the sociological way to deal with aberrance envelops the confined point of view of conventional criminology (Deviant Behavior , 1994). The different advances that come full circle in the foundation of degenerate personality are lowness, social dismissal, and enrollment of a subculture that is freak and presumption of a freak job. The supposition that will be that social procedures act in such a way, that the individual is constrained to accept a degenerate job, as a result of the avoidance of the more traditional positions. The consequence of the selection of such a freak job is, that the individual may turn into an individual from a degenerate subculture and may inevitably enhance the job of lasting deviancy (Deviant Behavior , 1994). A portion of the significant foundations for socially freak conduct among adolescents have been recognized, by specialists, as youth misuse, disregard and injury. The maltreatment of opiate substances has been viewed as the main driver of injury in adolescents and a large portion of the adolescents in detainment were either dependent on drugs or had been dependent on drugs preceding imprisonment. Besides, neediness has been seen as firmly connected with savage wrongdoing and murder. It was seen in numerous ghettos in the US that the crime percentage was on the expansion any place there was financial hardship, while there was a decrease in crime percentages in zones situated outside these ghettos (Blank, 1997. P. 47). It had been opined by the head of the kid advancement and conduct part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the NIH that wrongdoing, pregnancy among youngsters, stopping of school and unsatisfactory scholarly execution were brought about by the absence of sufficient understanding abilities. Also, different research extends that had been led previously, had built up that a lack of perusing aptitudes had an immediate bearing on the expansion of adolescent misconduct (Hodges, Giuliotti, and Porpotage, 1994). In 1951, a study led by Melvin Roman, uncovered that around eighty  ¬Ã¢â‚¬ five percent of the individuals who were getting treatment in the center joined to the New York City Children’s Court, had hindered understanding abilities. It was likewise expressed by numerous specialists that kept adolescents were perpetually described by scholarly accomplishment that was inadmissible (Hodges, Giuliotti, and Porpotage, 1994). Monetary hardship delivers an assortment of freak conduct in adolescents, who succumb to outrage, aloofness, obliviousness and urgency. Obliviousness keeps adolescents from exploiting the instruction framework to get aptitudes that could end up being enough gainful and this thusly brings about stopping of tutoring. In addition, a portion of these adolescents may have guardians who enjoy the maltreatment of medications and this could encourage them to attempt chances that could demonstrate deadly, so as to encounter delight for a little span of time.

History of the Republican Party in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of the Republican Party in Texas - Essay Example 105). Republicans battle prompted formal association of the gathering, and they held their first state show on July 4 at Houston. Republican administration originated from wartime Texas Unionists and prior to the war, who were supporters of Sam Houston (miscreants), recently diversified blacks, and ongoing settlers from the North (carpetbaggers) (Newell et al. 136). Texas Unionists controlled the party’s procedures. The party’s first show that was held in Houston was led by Elisha M. Pease, previous representative, and Col. John L. Haynes, administrator of the First Texas Cavalry, was the party’s clench hand official advisory group executive (Newell et al. 141). Blacks are one of the gatherings that firmly bolstered the Republican Party in Texas in the good 'ol days. The GOP participation involved 90 percent African Americans, and around 44 African Americans served in the Texas assembly as Republicans (Newell et al. 147). Blacks firmly bolstered Republican Party since one of its primary agendums was to abrogate subjugation. The Republican club of Texas was established in 1947 by Captain J. F. Lucey of Dallas (Newell et al. 204). Through this club, a drive was started to set up a powerful Republican Party in the Lone Star State (Newell et al. 204). The Republican Party of Texas entered transitional time somewhere in the range of 1950 and 1978. During this period, this gathering progressively picked up quality and ubiquity. The quantity of Texans who distinguished themselves with the gathering at the state level expanded altogether. Republican’s presidential applicants made sure about in excess of 48 percent of votes during 1960s and 1970s, aside from in 1964 and 1968 (Newell et al. 217). 1961 denoted the party’s most prominent accomplishment, when John G. Tower won the United States senate in an extraordinary political decision to supplant Lyndon B. Johnson. This gave the gathering solid authority, and its geographic and urban bases stayed solid (Newell et al.

8 Communication Secrets of Great Leaders

8 Communication Secrets of Great Leaders Being a great leader is about having a transformative vision and the ability to inspire and to motivate people behind your cause. In order to achieve the two, a leader must be able to communicate effectively with the followers.If you think about the greatest leaders, such as Martin Luther King or Steve Jobs, you’ll remember the speeches they gave and the inspirational message they shouted from the rooftops. But what are the communication secrets of these great leaders?In this guide, we’ll outline the eight communication secrets you need to take on board, including the importance of effective communication and the non-verbal side of communicating. WHY LEADER’S COMMUNICATION ABILITIES MATTER?Before we start examining the practical communication secrets of great leaders, we should peer into the world of communication. Why does a good grasp of communication skills even matter? Communication is simply the foundation on which we built our activities and relationship. It’s crucial in all different sectors, from dealing with our private relationship to working effectively in business.The benefits of good communication for organizations and teams come from its ability to boost performance and help improve the rate of achieving organizational objectives. The benefits come from communication’s ability to: help create good relationships, boost innovation, and result in work being more efficient.Helps create good relationshipEffective communication, using the secrets mentioned in the coming sections, will help create relationship, which are built on mutual trust and understanding. Positive encounters create a connection, which empow ers people in the team. When relationships are built on trust and the communication is open, the chances of a conflict diminish. People are able to communicate their problems before they turn into major issues.Furthermore, by using the following communication methods, leaders are able to resolve arguments swiftly and without communication breaking down between the members of the team. Open and honest discussions will create an environment of friendship and by focusing on effective communication, leaders can ensure each member feels part of the team.Boosts innovationOnce the environment for open communication has been established and people are able to share their ideas freely, the workplace will see a boost in innovation. Communication is a building block for creativity, as other opinions and perspectives can help improve and deepen ideas around a project.With the help of effective communication, sharing ideas isn’t to be feared, as everyone is free to voice their opinions in a re spectful manner. The more enhanced the communication and the more avenues the team has for speaking out, the more you’ll witness collaboration. When you can trust the people around you and you feel welcomed into the team, you won’t be afraid to provide or receive feedback.Results in more effective workEffective communication will also provide more clarity in the workplace, which leads to increases in overall efficiency. By increasing communication within an organization, you ensure people are aware of the tasks and objectives ahead. Communication provides clarity and creates the channels, which people can use to ensure they understand what needs to be done.Great leaders are able to communicate their vision, but also the operational requirements, in detail. Due to strong feedback channels, issues can be solved beforehand to ensure operational effectiveness and improved productivity. Furthermore, with open communication, transparency increases as well.Things are not hidden away an d sensitive issues are explained as well as possible. Leaders are essentially able to be honest, if they can’t be open about something, which helps satisfy the followers’ thirst for information. Leaders will find it easier to explain the ‘why’, when the communication routes are open and built on trust. KNOW WHO YOU AREMark Zuckerberg presented his vision about Facebook to investors wearing a hoodie and jeans. The outfit is not exactly what experts would recommend you wear at an important business meeting. But it worked; why? It was authentic â€" it represented Zuckerberg’s personality and it didn’t get in the way of his communication since he was being his comfortable self. As a leader, you need to aim to this moment, to your ‘hoodie and jeans’, which is about finding yourself, knowing who you are, and being comfortable with the discovery.Communication, whether it is your verbal or non-verbal presentation, is about authenticity. If you are trying to lie or say things you don’t believe in or which don’t represent you, you aren’t going to get the followers to listen. Before you start working on your speechwriting, the tone or the postures, learn to know yourself. Your personality, values and skills all influence the way you communicate. To better understand them, ask yourself:What type of communicator are you? Look at the image and pick one of the four communication styles that most resemble your approach. Perhaps you fit neatly into one of the boxes or maybe you are more of a combination of two different styles. What do you value in communication? Perhaps you think honesty in communication is the most important value or you might prefer if people were focused on being nice. Write down the kind of values you want to add to your communication.What are your current strengths and weaknesses in terms of communication? Study your communication skills honestly. Why are you good at certain aspects and not so effective in others? By understanding your weaknesses, you can focus on elevating the skills and reinforce your strengths.Answering the above questions will help you identify the kind of communication styles and approaches you are not only good at but also value in other people. It helps you focus your efforts to improve and further develop your communication as a leader. Identifying your current abilities and values, as well as your weaknesses as a communicator will enhance your chances of improving these areas quicker.Furthermore, the understanding of your own communication style will ensure y ou are more confident and comfortable about communication. If you focus on your strengths and place your values at the heart of your communication style, you won’t feel pretentious and you can rely on your abilities more. A great leader always relies on his or her abilities, instead of trying to mimic others and to be something they are not.UNDERSTAND YOUR AUDIENCEAside from knowing yourself, a great leader will also learn to understand his or her audience. To know is to understand and to understand is to influence. Great leaders are good communicators because they can refine their style according to the audience. Simply put, they are aware of the people listening to them in terms of their needs and knowledge, but also know what kind of communication works best with the audience.As an example, a speaker can’t use the same communication style when talking about cheese to a full audience of cheese producers as they would for a group of kids. Even if the idea is the same (to get pe ople eating cheese), the audience is different in terms of knowledge of cheese and the ability to take in information (adults versus children). The example might be an exaggeration, but the idea still holds â€" understanding your audience helps convey the message in the right manner.The three major benefits to being aware of your audience are:Presents a clearer message. If you are aware of who is listening to you in terms of their understanding of your message/topic, you cut the chase and go straight to the point. You don’t need to add in information the audience already knows or leave out things, which they don’t.Creates a meaningful connection. You’ll be able to create an authentic connection with the audience by understanding who they are. You can relate to their values, backgrounds and hopes, using the knowledge to guarantee you connect on a personal level. Learning about the audience will ensure you see the people as persons, with wants and needs, rather than a faceless c rowd.Guarantees a stronger impact. The above will help you communicate effectively, making sure the message gets across and people reflect on what you said. By examining the group, you’ll be able to adjust your communication style to influence and inspire. Your audience might be a humorous bunch of people or you might have a bigger impact by sticking to hard data and facts.Whether you are holding a speech to a large audience or having a chat with a single person, there are a few things you should do in advance. First, gather any information you have about the audience: Who are they? What do they already know about the things you want to talk about? What do you think are their primary concerns? What do you want to take away as a result of the discussion?Furthermore, if you’ve communicated with them before try remembering what type of communicators they were and what connections can you draw from the last encounter to the present one. Even when you are talking to a large group, yo u need to find a personal connection â€" to talk like you would to an individual, even though you are facing multiple persons. Focus on the audience and not boosting your own ego. You should aim to communicate with the audience in a way that makes them inspired, motivated or thoughtful about the message.BE SINCERE AND AUTHENTICGreat leaders don’t always say the things we want to hear. The strength of their communication comes from authenticity and sincerity. Even when the followers might not want to hear what the leader has to say, a great leader will say what is needed, but do it with empathy. Sincere and authentic messages will resonate with the people, as they can see from the conviction and passion the leader cares.If your communication is based on lying, you will quickly start eroding trust and good communication is always built on mutual trust. Liars do tend to be caught sooner or later; and as soon as you do, the trust and respect are gone from the relationship and communit y. Even if you don’t outright lie, but your communication style omits certain things, you will create an environment where people are not quite sure whether to believe you. Instead of hiding things away from the followers, great leaders will openly admit if they can’t share particular information because it’s too sensitive. If the messaging is sincere, you can create an environment that isn’t anxious and full of distrust.With sincerity comes authenticity: the avoidance to fabricate your communication. As mentioned above in the previous sections, you shouldn’t try to create a façade with your communication and communicate in a manner, which isn’t truly you. With authenticity, you showcase your personality and your passion when you communicate.You say things as they are without forgetting about decency and empathy. You, in effect, show more trust towards your followers because you understand that they are ‘strong enough’ to take in the message. With an authentic style , you tell the listener: “I know what I’m saying is not the news you want, but these are the facts behind it.” By opening your communication with authenticity, you create an immediate connection with your audience; you lay down your cards and you accept them to trust you as well.Huffington Post presented a few important tips for communication with authenticity in the world of business:Know who you are and be comfortable in your skin.Move beyond the fear. Don’t get stuck with fear and focus only on your limitations. You don’t need to be perfect in anything in order to communicate.Don’t try to sound smart. You might feel like leadership is about sounding smarter than the others, but it isn’t. A successful leader doesn’t try to ‘sound smart’, but they adjust to the audience and they value other people’s knowledge. When they walk into a room, they don’t think they’ll be the smartest person in there.Show vulnerability. Vulnerability and soft emotions are the key to authentic communication. Don’t hide away emotions, but accept them as part of who you are. Allowing the followers to see your emotions can help them better understand your rationale.FOCUS ON CLARITY AND AUTHORITY OF YOUR MESSAGEGreat communications are able to speak with clarity. Your message must be honed to perfection to ensure people aren’t left unsure about your message afterwards. It’s OK if they ask questions, but one of these should not be ‘What did you just say?”Concise and simple communication style is more effective than complicated and confusing messaging, especially in the modern world where time is of the essence. If you take a long time to get to the point, you can rest assured some people would have already zoned out by the time you make your case. You need to stop the blabbering and focus on the core message.You can guarantee a clear message and concise communication by focusing on two essential points:Using clear language â€" Pay attention to the words you use in your communication. You need to ensure each word has meaning and takes your message forwards; skip the fillers and ambiguous words, such as the words from the below image. However, don’t just remove the examples out of your vocabulary, but pay attention to when and how you use them to figure whether your use is excessive and unnecessary.FILLER WORDSto ponder and cutThatAlmostMaybeJustHereBackSoThereDownVeryNowAgainReallyThenTurnSomePretty (much)LookLikeQuiteWalkSeemRatherAllThinkStuffSudden(ly)FeelThing(s)A little/bit/lotKnow your message â€" You can’t speak with clarity if you are unaware of what you are trying to communicate. Therefore, one of the key aspects of communication comes from realizing the objectives you have. Think in terms of what’s the gist of your communication: are you looking to explain, ask for something, thank, apologize or inspire? By knowing your objective, you can start crafting the message and find the best ways to communicate it.One import ant thing to remember about clarity is how you can’t start chopping away your message too much. Although you want to be concise, you can’t omit information that is vital for understanding the message. Clarity means you don’t expect the other person to read between the lines; it’s not about word count or a race against the clock.Furthermore, clarity also relates to another important communication element: assertiveness. Firm communication is especially needed as a leader. If you don’t speak with authority, people will question your message and its validity, making it harder for you to achieve your objectives and to gain followers. Note how assertive communication is not the same as ‘bossing’ people around. You simply talk with conviction and confidence.The three keys to speaking with authority are:Have confidence in your message. Again, you need to know what you want to communicate and have enough knowledge regarding the topic. Don’t be a person who feels compelled to talk for the sake of it; communicate when you have something to say.Be prepared to respond to criticism. You will gain opposition and questioning in most instances; be prepared for negative feedback. Always review your message from different angles and be willing to defend your opinions.Stick to your message. If you’ve done your homework, then you need to have the strength to stand by your message. Don’t let opposition or negative feedback put you down.HAVE AN OPEN MINDFollowing on the above point about confidence and conviction in your message, don’t mix these with stubbornness and unwillingness to new ideas. Communication shouldn’t be about sticking to your own views no matter what; you don’t want to approach a discussion with a closed mind. Even though you should trust your message, you shouldn’t ignore the feedback or new ideas. Rigid mind can be the biggest obstacle on your path to success. Leaders who are willing to learn and develop will achieve success faster th an those who work with blinders on.Whenever you communicate with another person, consider it as an opportunity to learn. Don’t approach communication with selfishness; don’t make it about you and your message; but what the other person can teach you. Stay open to ideas and suggestions, even if you don’t take them on board.Indeed, it can be helpful to hear criticism of your ideas and find ways to counter them; this can teach you more about the validity of your message. When you hear an opposing argument, don’t respond defensively. Find out where the other person is coming from, weight the arguments and see if there’s common ground. Instead of being defensive, be inquisitive and open.Each opportunity to communicate with another person is always an opportunity to learn. As a leader, you need to be willing to listen to others and take in the feedback, whether positive or negative. Other worldviews and opinions can be truly enriching and open up new avenues of thought for your own leadership vision and message.Whether you are discussing a new design plan with your team or just exchanging views about the latest technological invention with other CEO friends, the conversations can spark an idea if you are willing to listen. Don’t surround yourself with people who think exactly as you do or share the same worldview, but seek out situations where you are faced with people from different backgrounds and with opposing philosophies.Finally, having an open mind also means being able to admit to your mistakes and failures. A great leader doesn’t regard him- or herself as perfect. Communication is just another tool for these leaders to develop. Although you should have conviction in your ideas, you can’t keep defending a position, which is unattainable. If the facts show you are wrong, you need to be able to admit it.REMEMBER TO LISTENThe most meaningful discourse stems out of discussion, not a monologue. If you think the most effective communication is focus ed on learning how to talk, you are missing 50% of communication secrets. Communication should always be a two-way street: you listen and you talk. The great leaders of our time have not just been great speakers; they’ve also had the ability to listen the people around them. It comes back down to developing and improving your message.By listening to other people, you can learn more about the world around you and ensure your vision as a leader matches the aspirations of your followers, as well as yourself. If you think about the previously mentioned communication secret of knowing your audience, you can’t expect to relate to them or empathize with them, if you aren’t willing to listen to what they are telling you.Think about your listening style. Do you think about your response while listening to the other person? Do you use the time to think about your upcoming lunch? Listening is not about shutting up while the other person speaks. To make it worthwhile, you need to actively listen to the other person. You can ensure active listening by focusing on these five pointers:Pay attention. Focus on the person who is talking by looking them directly and refusing to start preparing for a rebuttal. If you notice your thoughts wandering, actively engage with the speaker again and pay attention to the words and the message.Let them know you are listening. Use your body language and non-verbal cues to show you are paying attention. You can find out more about these in the next section.Give feedback to the speaker. Once the person stops talking, provide feedback by reflecting what you just heard. You can do this by asking clarifying questions or paraphrasing what you just heard.Don’t judge. Although you want to provide feedback, ensure you don’t interrupt the person while they are speaking or react with intense emotion.Respond with respect. Before you react, take into account the person’s perspective and ensure you have enough information to understand his or her point of view. Be honest, but respectful. You don’t have to agree with them, but don’t put them down or disregard everything they’ve just said.Active listening is not always as easy as it sounds. If you feel you’re drifting away during conversations or you often find yourself in intense arguments, examine your listening skills first. Start paying more attention to your listening because it can quickly improve your verbal communication as well.Don’t just focus on the above pointers at work, but apply active listening to your personal and private relationships as well. Whenever you notice yourself zoning out of a conversation, draw your attention back to the speaker and prepare to ask questions. Knowing you need to respond in regards to what the person just said can enforce you to pay more attention rather than if you focused solely on your message.LEARN ABOUT THE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION CUESThe other essential non-verbal elements of communication are the different cues we send during conversations with our body language and behavior. The non-verbal communication cues are especially crucial for leaders to master since the way you behave during a conversation can ensure you show empathy. If the person talking doesn’t think you care about his or her message, resentment and distrust can start building, making it harder for you to build solid relationships with the followers.If you read about great leaders like Nelson Mandela, you regularly find references to how people felt in their presence and how he made them feel valued and listened to. To understand what non-verbal communication is about and why it’s important, check out the short YouTube video below: The non-verbal communication cues you need to pay attention to include the following:Body language â€" Hand gestures, nodding, leg twitching, which might highlight whether you agree or disagree with the person.Posture â€" The way you stand, sit, and if your arms or legs are crossed, with the po sture determining if you look engaged or interested.Eye contact â€" If you are looking at the person in the eyes throughout the conversation, you’ll come across more trustworthy and engaged.Facial expressions â€" Smiling, frowning and rolling your eyes highlight what you think about the person and the topic of conversation.Physiological changes â€" Sweating, twitching and blinking can suggest your nervousness, boredom or humiliation.You should pay attention to the cues and the specific messages behind them in order to control them better in your own communication. You want to emphasize the positive non-verbal cues, such as eye contact, smiling and a confident posture. On the other hand, you want to try to avoid slouching or frowning during conversations.In addition to paying attention to non-verbal cues in your own communication, you need to understand them in order to interpret the other person’s behavior. An example of the importance of this is highlighted in terms of knowing your audience. If you are giving a speech or having a conversation with a follower, you want to analyze the way your message is getting across by focusing on non-verbal cues.If everyone in the audience is staring blankly at the walls and yawning, you need to change your communication style. Perhaps you can make a joke, shock them with a fact or simply change your tone to wake them up. Furthermore, if your follower is talking with you and he or she is sweating, shaking and avoiding eye contact, you want to try calming him or her down with your behavior. Lighten up the situation by talking non-work issues first or compliment them for their hard work to boost their confidence.The ability to read non-verbal cues will ensure you approach people with empathy and respect; it helps you fine-tune the message to your audience and better engage in discussion with the other person. The purpose of communication is to understand and non-verbal communication can lead to deeper understanding of the person’s objectives, fears and hopes.FINAL THOUGHTSCommunication is an essential part of the human experience, influencing our relationship in private and public spheres. The ability to create strong channels for dialogue is especially crucial for leaders. Without discourse, conveying your vision as a leader and inspiring followers to act will be difficult, if not impossible. The above communication secrets are tried and tested methods great leaders have used in order to enkindle the followers.By focusing on each of the secret, you’ll learn more about yourself and the people around you. You can use the strategies to improve your message and forge meaningful connections with the people around you.

False Confession Experiment - Free Essay Example

Research Question The research question in the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is: Could fake-video evidence lead people to believe they committed an act they never did? This research question is interesting as it reveals how people may be driven to make false confessions when presented with a fake-video evidence (Nash Wade, 2008). It further shows that the criminal justice system may be apprehending people, who have made false confessions, and deeming them guilty of actions they have not committed. The real criminals are left free to continue to commit more criminal offences. The research questions, therefore, attempts to investigate the probability and possibilities of people being proven guilty based on fabricated evidences. Introduction Research conducted by several scholars has indicated that most innocent people are proven guilty for criminal offences they did not commit. Such people end up behind bars serving time for offences they were not part of. Fake evidence is the main contributing factor to innocent people being locked in prisons. Fake evidence, such as fake eyewitness testimonies and fake-video evidence, pushes innocent people to make false confessions. With the advances in technology, more sophisticated and affordable computers, digital machines, and desk-top video editing machines have become more popular. These digital devices have also made it easier for people to recreate past events and use them against other people. When people view these videos, they are forced to believe that they were part and parcel of past criminal offences. The implication is false confessions by these people. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince people that they are guilty of committing various crimes through their fake testi monies. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince these people by suggesting that there are videos, which recorded them committing the criminal offences. As a result, these innocent people end up making false confessions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how fake-video evidences make people to believe they committed an act they never did. Methodology The researchers, Nash and Wade, compared between fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness testimonies in order to illustrate whether fake-video evidence could lead people to believe they committed a criminal offence they never did before. The researchers, further, employed a metacognitive model, which helped them to make a clear comparison. Three tests were also conducted (Nash Wade, 2008). These tests include investigating whether fake-video evidence generated more false confessions that fake eyewitness evidence, find out a new model for examining the impact of fake evidence on false confessions, and to collect data on cognitive forces. The task the subjects performed is likely to be very important but the exact nature of their stimuli is not. Results The main findings of the research were that the participants believed to have committed criminal offences when presented with false evidence. 93% of the total subjects internalized and signed the confessions forms. 87% out of the 93% signed the confession papers on the first request while 7% signed after the second request. In experiment one and two, 67% and 73% of the subjects believed they committed the criminal offences after viewing the fake-video evidences (Nash Wade, 2008). On the other side, experiment one and two showed that 60% and 13% of the subjects respectively made false confessions when presented with fake eyewitness evidence. These figures answer the research questions by suggesting that there is a high likelihood of people making false confessions when presented with fake-video evidences. Implications Nash and Wade found out that fake-video evidences produced false confessions from innocent people. The implication of the experiments is that most of the subjects believed that the main aim of the research was to investigate their gambling habits and not false confessions, compliance issues, and memory distortions among many others. This reveals how the topic on false confessions is not always a product of the many experiments that are often conducted by scholars. An effective model should, therefore, be developed to deal with the fabricated evidence presented to innocent people. Future research should be carried out to find the frequency of fake-evidence videos resulting into false confessions. The impacts of the fake-video confessions on false confessions should be investigated. Lastly, effective strategies should be researched to get rid of the fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences in order to prevent the justice system from apprehending the wrong people. Critique In my opinion, the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is very resourceful how fake-video evidences results into false confessions. The research design of the article makes sense. The research design was also perfect for answering the research question. No other research design could be used to answer the research question. I would involve the criminal justice officials in further experiments. The criminal justice officials, such as criminal detectives, could be used to convey the fake evidences. Such an experiment would show whether the frequency of fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness evidences in producing false confessions would be equal or not. An example of such an experiment with a similar research question was conducted recently by Frances Chapman in 2006 in his article, Coerced Internalized False Confessions and Police Interrogations: The Power of Coercion. Frances Chapman con ducted a research on how people fall victims of coerced internalized false confessions. In his experiment, Frances investigated how police interrogations resulted into coerced internalized false confessions. He further investigated the Billy Wayne Cope case in order to come up with a conclusive argument. The article by Frances Chapman (2006) is similar to Nash and Wades article (2008) as it attempts to point out how the criminal justice system or rather the legal system apprehends people on the basis of false evidence. France shows how the interrogators use fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences to convince their suspects of taking part in various criminal offences. Both articles show how the suspects are made to believe that their lack of memory brought about by alcohol, stress, and blackout may have driven them to forget their involvement in certain criminal offences. Conclusion In conclusion, fake-video evidence results into coerced internalized false confessions. Human beings are made to believe that they committed various criminal offences even when they never did. Fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidence are the main contributors of innocent people being proven guilty. However, Nash and Wade reveal in their article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence (2008), that the frequency of fake-video evidence resulting into false confessions is higher compared to the fake eyewitness evidences. References Robert Nash Kimberley Wade. (2008). Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 1-28.