Social Networking Positive or Negative - 1015 Words

Social Networking: Positive or Negative? Social networking has many opinions pointing toward it. Some may say that it is a positive influence, while others think negatively. There are many directions to look at it. From my perspective, I believe social networks have only grown to cause many issues. When reading something rather than hearing it said aloud, problems arise because you can t tell the tone of something said. Also, other issues deal with the fact that people can find out every detail of your daily life. There is very little privacy online, and you never known what you could be dealing with. It can become addictive, and a waste of time, causing issues with peoples work ethic. These are only a few of the numerous issues;†¦show more content†¦Procon.org states that 13 million people that use Facebook had no idea about the privacy policy, and never used it. 28% of them shared that nearly all of their posts are public. Feds Snoop on Social-network Accounts Without Warrants, states that the 2009 IRS teache s their agents manually how to look through Facebook pages for information that could possibly assist in resolving a taxpayer case. Therefore, nothing you do on social networking sites is private. Not only does it give the government easier access to watch your every move, but it gives every other person in the universe access to watch you as well. There are many complaints about how the numbers of stolen children, and deaths has gone up. At the same time, the rates of social networks has been increasing as well. I truly believe that if the number of networks would go down, then so would the death rate. Social networking does have some positive benefits, such as spreading news world wide in an easier manner, and communicating business facts worldwide. However, these networks cause many more negative issues than positive. Such as useless arguments arising because you cannot hear other peoples tone when they speak to you. Also, the fact that being online all the time causes peoples w ork ethic to decrease, and make Americans even more lazy. Finally, it causes the biggest issue of all which is an invasion of privacy. It makes it a lot easierShow MoreRelatedNegative And Positive Outcomes Of Social Networking Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesOnline social networking requires that individuals follow certain social norms and behaviours. These norms and behaviours are developed through connecting and interacting with past and present friends. However, there are some norms and behaviours that are unacceptable among users. These unacceptable behaviours include excessive sharing, number of friends and profile tuning. As a result, the user of online social networks experiences both negative and positive outcomes through profile work. HoweverRead MorePositive And Negative Aspect Of Social Networking835 Words   |  4 PagesSocial networking is the latest online fashion for the past few years. Social networking sites are used in a manner to keep in contact with new and old friends or co-workers. These sites can also provide career opportunities for professional in various fields. Social networking could be advantageous for career development, but there are also disadvantages to think of. In this paper I would be discussing some of the positive and negative aspect of social networking related to career development withRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Social Networking1431 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Like all revolutions, the social networking revolution is accompanied by concerns and questions about whether the changes have wrought something better or something worse.† (Szumski and Karson  ¶ 4) The social networking revolution has come a long way in its accessibility and effectiveness and has become a great resource for many people. But with its benefits come more serious downfalls that need to be acknowledged and dealt with. While social networking can be used as a clear, accessible sourceRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Implicatio ns Of Social Networking Sites1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe positive and negative implications of social networking sites. Introduction Social networking sites have become a big part of our lives. These sites are indeed twofold, and their impact on society is both positive and negative. My essay will, therefore try to answer both sides of the impact social networking sites have in today’s culture. A website article by (Shruti Tripathi Chopra 2015) stated that in 2008 Facebook made and estimated $300 million, that rose to a profit in 2014 of $2.9. TheRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Social Networking Addiction1020 Words   |  5 Pagesoffline. Therefore, one can consider these adolescents as a social network addicts, people who spends a fair amount of time on one or many social media. Throughout the three articles, â€Å"Social Networking Addiction: An Overview of Preliminary Findings† by Mark Griffiths, â€Å"Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship† by Nicole B. Ellison and â€Å"Taking Risky Opportunities in Youthful Content Creation: Teenagers’ use of Social Networking Sites for Intimacy, Privacy, and Self-expression† by SoniaRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Social Networking Addiction1024 Words   |  5 Pagesoffline. Therefore, one can consider these adolescents as a social network addict, a person who spen ds a fair amount of time on one or many social platforms. Throughout the three articles, â€Å"Social Networking Addiction: An Overview of Preliminary Findings† by Mark Griffiths, â€Å"Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship† by Nicole B. Ellison and â€Å"Taking Risky Opportunities in Youthful Content Creation: Teenagers’ use of Social Networking Sites for Intimacy, Privacy, and Self-expression† byRead MoreDoes Social Networking Have A Positive And Or Negative Affect On Individuals?942 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Social networking have a positive and or negative affect on individuals? According to Susan Greenfield, a neuroscientist at the Oxford University, social networking has many negative affects. She claims that â€Å" social networking is infantilizing the human mind, into a state of mind as of children. In my opinion, I agree with greenfield’s statement because many individuals are relying on their social media accounts for everyday use. However, social networking has greatly influenced the way individualsRead MoreThe Positive Effect of Social Media Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesThe Positive Effect of Social Media Since the birth of social media people have argued whether it has a positive or negative effect on society. Social media outlets like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram give people a chance to stay connected. Although, with the power of social media comes the possibility of cyber bullying. While there are some negatives associated with social media, the positives in communication all around, has made the world stronger and a better place to live in. Social networkingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1563 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has consumed our society. 47% of American adults used social networking sites in 2011 like Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter; up from 26% in 2008(quoted from procon.org) the aspects of social media both have a positive and negative impact on life. Social networking sites promote interaction with distant family and friends. Social networking sites can demonstrate opportunities to strengthen existing relationships and to develop new friendships as well. The downfall of social media sitesRead MoreSocial Networking Has Caused More Harm Than Good to People923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe motion that social networking has done more harm than good to Nigerian youths. Social networking has become a major part of society. Even big businesses and celebrities are jumping on the social networking bandwagon. Many people wake up each day and check social websites first thing in the morning instead of reaching for a newspaper. According to Mashable.com, as of June 2010, American Internet users spend more than 22 percent of their online time using a social networking site. Since people

Literacy Rate Of Low Enrollment - 1958 Words

Literacy In past years, Illiteracy was a big issue to some countries like Pakistan, Ghana Ethiopia, South Africa and other places in Africa. Over the past years, the government of these countries focused on education. The levels of literacy in these countries was too high and there were causes of negative impact toward education. For instance, literacy rate of girls in Pakistan and family were the negative impact. Literacy rates for both gender was too high in Ghana, Ethiopia and South Africa and the negative impact was poverty. The government want to reduce literacy by doing many things. For example, the high rate of low enrollment for girls in Pakistan, In South Africa there was a program called the Emotional Literacy and Persona†¦show more content†¦(Latif Amna.) In addition, in Ghana money was the most negative impact towards the high literacy rate. Ghana was poor country in past years, so, the Government were trying to do the past to improve education. One of the problems was the low salary of teachers and this all because of the money. (Blunch, Niels-Hugo) Children in South Africa were faced with many difficult things in their lives. Years ago in South Africa teacher teach the student in a library rather than schools. In 1994, most of the students did not go to the school, students just go to the library to study and workshop with their teachers during the literacy project. Children in elementary schools drop out because family pressure. Some families began to send their children to enroll in drama schools rather than general schools because of low fee. Also, some students said we shall now focus on the drama workshops because they feel that drama schools worth it, and the tuition of the drama schools were not that expensive. The article indicated some good reasons to enroll in a drama school were the low fee and children were learning from the school. Some people indicated that drama workshops were the solution to the linking of literacy. South Afric a s young children faced many emotional problems, and there were a lot of things that increased literacy in South Africa such as, the poverty, so it was hard for children to develop their skills with

Promoting of Apple MacBook

Question: Discuss about the promoting of Apple MacBook. Answer: Introduction to Apple MacBook Pro The execution, control, and outline of operations which helps in changing over assets into sought items and administrations are called operation administration. It manages the execution of the association's business technique. In the year 2006, January 10, the main unique fifteen inch MacBook Pro was dispatched by Steve Jobs. The item was propelled at Macworld Conference and Expo. Later on, the seventeen-inch model was moved on 24th April 2006. The item which was planned first uses Intel Core CPUs as opposed to utilizing PowerPC G4 chips. PowerPC G4 is just used on Apple PCs and additionally on Eyetech. It is a fourth era microchip. Then again, Intel Core microchips were mostly made for the business reason. These processors get overhauled as often as possible. The first was Intel Pentium with its progressive Pentium 2, Pentium 3 and Pentium 4. The second one was Intel Core with its progressive Intel Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme. The last ones are Core i3, i 5, and i7 (Zschau, 2011). This Apple item is the top of the line model of the MacBook crew. In the year 2008, October 14, the second era of PC was dispatched and was called as the unibody. This model has more formed configuration, and it has the external case which was comprised of the single piece of aluminum. Later the model was called aluminum unibody MacBook. A few redesigns were presented in the MacBook Pro with processors, for example, Intel Core i7 and i5. Innovation named Thunderbolt of Intel Company was additionally given in the item. In June 2012, Apple discharged the third era MacBook Pro with a showcase of fifteen inches (Sinofsky Iansiti, 2010). A standout amongst the most alluring elements of the third era MacBook Pro is Retina show. This presentation has higher determination. The optical drive was expelled from the framework. The dark circle drives were likewise supplanted with strong state drives. Apple utilizes OS X as their fundamental working framework. This work ing structure is based on UNIX stage. It was built on such route to exploit the ability of the equipment. The working framework accompanies astounding and energizing applications for ordinary use. The applications are Photos, iMovie, Garage Band, Pages, Numbers, Keynote, Safari, Mail, Messages, FaceTime, Calendar, Notes, Reminders, Maps, Contacts, iBooks, App Store and iTunes. The design and processor with its all-blaze engineering presentation and memory give imaginative capacities of video altering. Programming like Final Cut Pro taking into account proficient video altering and Logic Pro in light of expert music forming are just supportable in MacBook. This artistic innovation acquired an upheaval the expert world (Zschau, 2011). The significance of procedure designs on Apple MacBook The planning of an item such as Apple MacBook Pro should be possible by using a standard arrangement of procedures that designers utilize while making utilitarian items. The idea of a building depends on business information and the subject to produce thoughts and proselyte them into helpful articles (O'Gorman, 2012). It is known as item outline. Before building up an item, it is fundamental for a planner to know deliberately about the interest for the issue in the business sector. The thing should be planned for client needs. The standard client gives input around an old variant of items about including new elements and applications or making the item easy to use. After that, screening of item assumes a huge part, for example, the allure of the item operation. It additionally demonstrates the danger of the operation (McCann Coldiron, 2012). The outlining of an item requires the arrangement of stages before dispatching it to the global business sector. Each of these stages has posse ssed individual significances. The stages are as per the following: Postulating the raft components It is the principal period of preparatory item plan. It is exceptionally urgent as it figures out what segments will be brought into the item. For instance, in MacBook Pro essential item particulars, for example, hard circle drives, chip, RAM, ROM, DVD author should be brought before dispatching it into the business sector (Sharan, 2007). Decrease in intricacy of design This is the second stage which lessens the multifaceted nature of the item. The lessening in intricacy makes an item easier to understand (Devenish, 2007). It makes an item less demanding to utilize. There are three basic methodologies for many-sided quality diminishment, for example, shared characteristic, institutionalization, and modularization. The previous method helps in streamlining the multifaceted nature given the configuration by using regular components of items. The following one manages the assorted qualities in an item. The last one is about outlining the sub-segments in an item. For instance, including programming details, for example, the presentation of utilizations and components (Devenish, 2007). Final procedure to generate a package In this stage, the last bundling is finished. It is an exceptionally essential stage as it collects every one of the parts and put into a solitary unit to make the last item. The following one is planning change and assessment of an item (Blitzer, 2006). Common systems are utilized at this stage to assess and enhance the preparatory outline. The procedures are the Taguchi strategy, sending of value capacity and worth designing. The previous one is trying the vigor of the outline. The following one guarantees that whether the item plan takes care of the requests of the client. The last one decreases cost and keeps any pointless expense before the creation of the piece. Finally, it is essential to give the last points of interest of the item (May, Hout, Reidel Wu, 2012). The goals and purposes of designing Apple MacBook Before dispatching any item, all organizations including Apple must set its objectives, targets, and systems for the promoting of an item. The promoting can be surely known by the showcasing blend. The advertising blend has 4 Ps, for example, value, advancement, item, and spot. The 4 Ps of advertising offers the showcasing supervisor to grow effectively a procedure some assistance with basing on advancement and administrations of items to clients. Firstly, a cost is the expense of items. The advancement is the technique behind promoting of the item to target clients (J. Wilson, 2015). The item or stock is something which can be sold in the business sector, fulfilling the customer's needs and requests. On account of spots, the purchasers search for spots where they can discover items. In light of item, Apple offers finest items, best case scenario costs. Their destinations are to proceed for making original items (MacBook; For Dummies174, 2006). The Apple group will require a decent g roup to make their original items in the global business sector. Because of their advancement, they make a main position in the corporate sector. They require a solid examination and a solid advancement group. Then again, they have to direct and advance the development of future innovation (J. Wilson, 2015). Apple must keep on enhancing their innovation since innovation is changing and the client looks for more development. All things considered, brand steadfastness is vital. They should study the business sector to comprehend what client need while enhancing their present item. The organization needs to grow their stores far and wide. As the outcome, this development of stores can build their clients from the sides of the world. Different spots like offering their items online will be leeway for the organization. Given their value, they offer marked items, best case scenario cost. The goal of their cost is to manage and enter finest valuing while endeavoring to get benefit from the piece of the pie(Sutherland, 2011). Notwithstanding, it will be gainful for them to utilize ease amid the assembling of items. On advancement side, the organization can make an awesome point of preference by taking after astounding showcasing methodologies behind their ad of issues with the assistance of adva nced communications such as TVs, radios, and daily paper (McCann Coldiron, 2012). The times of designing a product The following so as to outline of an item should be finished legitimate steps. It needs appropriate control and arranging with stock and limit administration. It likewise needs legitimate assets and danger administration since dangers are typical elements which get included amid an assembling process. For instance, amid the production of Apple MacBook some mishap might happen which can be unsafe to the organization and its representatives. There are few stages which are to be taken after amid its assembling strategy (Banks, 2013). Figure 1: Steps for designing an Apple Product Item Start-Up Made Once the item is characterized, there is an interior start-up stage that works independently from whatever is left of the group to concentrate on the new item's advancement. The new item start-up group is isolated utilizing office hindrances and here and there gets a part of the building's workplaces devoted to its work process. Prototyping This procedure takes a great deal of time and exertion yet builds up a visual for the venture. It is also called the pixel-impeccable models and ten to three to one. This stage is the beginning of making the new item mockup. Apple's New Item Handle (ANPP) Once the model is chosen and the organization consents to begin generation, the ANPP is an archive that depicts the procedure in point of interest and maps its diverse stages. The ANPP is possessed by the building item chief (EPM) and the worldwide supply administrator (GSM). Week by week Official Group Survey Each Monday, the official group meets to go over the generation process inside the organization. This customary meeting offers the group some assistance. Peer Outline Gatherings Notwithstanding the official meeting examination, there are companion audit gatherings between the configuration group and architects that attention on enhancing the outline thought. The Generation Administration Both the worldwide supply administrator (GSM) and the designing item chief (EPM) and are in charge of the generation prepare and are dependably in discourse keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee the best for the item (Liikkanen and Reavey, 2015). Testing the Item Once the beta item is made, both the GSM and EPM take it back to Cupertino to get audits and input from the officials. Bundling At this stage, the bundling of the item is composed and tried on the new models. Guidelines of the Street The last stride in the process is to make a Guidelines of the Street record that assesses the entire procedure and every turning point inside of it. It is an extremely mystery archive that guarantees the general nature of both the item and the procedure. Apple eliminates an unwanted steps such as focus groups. It also eliminates everything that is not necessary and it impacts on the product designs of Apple. The process design allows a maximum amount of acceptance of different ideas and creative thinking. If the design idea is not upto expectation level, the leaders of the company throw everything and start again so as to improve the product. The company provides an example of process results and the methods behind the increment of the companys profit and improve its image in the market. Effect on presentation of designing a product Apple MacBook Pro is a plainly understood marked item, and it requires good attitudes of the representative as opposed to hard physical work amid the outlining of this item. Their targets behind their assembling of item effect on the execution of the agents. Execution administration helps on building the elite society for groups and also the person. Along these lines, the workers assume own liability for the change in the procedures in business on the nonstop premise. In the meantime, they expand their attitudes by overhauling their abilities inside of an administration system (Mital, 2008). This way to deal with execution administration has turned into an imperative instrument in the hands of the corporate. It is a future procedure as it includes both the workers and the administrators with an objective of setting a specific objective for the improvement of the organization toward the start of every year (Mofid, 2007). Apple trusts that enhancing the ecological execution of our business begins with our items. The cautious natural administration of our items for the duration of their life cycles incorporates controlling the amount and sorts of materials utilized as a part of their assembling, enhancing their vitality effectiveness, and outlining them for better recyclability. Quailty:- The vast majority of Apple's corporate nursery gas emanations originate from the creation, transport, utilize, and reusing of its items. Apple looks to minimize nursery gas discharges by setting stringent configuration related objectives for material and vitality effectiveness. The outline underneath gives the assessed nursery gas emanations for the 15-inch MacBook Master with Retina show over its life cycle. Mode 230V 100V 115V Off 0.33W 0.29W 0.30W Efficiency of power adapter 90% 89.7% 89.7% Power adapter with no load 0.020W 0.004W 0.005W Sleep 1.1W 1.06W 1.07W Display on 13.3W 12.8W 12.7W Figure 2 Speed:- The above figure represents Apple Mac Book Pro 15 inch with 2.2 and 2.4 GHz quad core processors respectively. The generation of these processors is core i7 with 4GB RAM. The size of hardisk are 500GB and 750GB respectively. It has built in battery backup. It has Intel HD Graphics 3000 as well as AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 512 MB GDDR5 and AMD Radeon HD 6770M with 1GB GDDR5. Dependability: people give the following reason for preferring new Apple MacBook Very high build quality Premium materials components Very good customer service Better battery life Visually great look Free major OS releases More stable operating system Flexibility:- I7 processor- this is a very fast and quick service processor. 4 GB Ram- Fast and make PC to boot properly 500 Gb Hard-disk- high storage opportunity Intel HD graphics 3000- high quality visual effect 7 Hour Up-to battery backup Cost- Very High price Everyone cannot effort this one Conclusion The above report depends on the promoting of Apple MacBook. The report incorporates the adjustment of the specific item and its systems and targets behind their showcasing. The primary bit depicts about the points of interest and detail of the item. The following part manages the significance of procedure outline on Apple MacBook. The third one is about the points and destinations of item plan. The fourth partition depicts about the phases of outlining the item and the last one broke down the effect of item execution. References Banks, A. (2013). Independent guide to the apple macbook. [Place of publication not identified]: Dennis Publishing. Blitzer, R. (2006). Hire me, Inc.. Irvine, Calif.: Entrepreneur Press. Devenish, R. (2007). Mitophagy: Growing in Intricacy. Autophagy, 3(4), pp.293-294. Wilson, (2015). News Briefing: Consumer Technology - Apple MacBook sets new gold standard for notebooks. Engineering Technology, 10(3), pp.21-21. Loughran, C. (2006). How to prepare and present a labor arbitration case. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs. MacBook; For Dummies174. (2006). Wiley. Maij-de Meij, A., Kelderman, H. and van der Flier, H. (2010). Improvement in Detection of Differential Item Functioning Using a Mixture Item Response Theory Model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(6), pp.975-999. May, K., Hout, J., Reidel, J. and Wu, H. (2012). Apple. [Brooklyn, NY]: Clog. McCann, T. and Coldiron, J. (2012). The art of the app store. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wrox/John Wiley Sons. Mital, A. (2008). Product development. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Mofid, K. (2007). A non-violent path to conflict resolution and peacebuilding. Istambul: Faith University Press. O'Gorman, T. (2012). Adaptive tests of significance using permutations of residuals with R and SAS. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sharan, D. (2007). ADB's infrastructure operations. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Sinofsky, S. and Iansiti, M. (2010). One strategy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sutherland, A. (2011). Apple. London: Wayland. Zschau, J. (2011). Buying and owning a mac. San Francisco, CA: Cultomedia Corp.

Women In Umofia free essay sample

The book, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, is about an African man named Okonkwo, who lives in Umuofia, a village in Nigeria. Okonkwo was, to his people, a great man. He had proved himself many a time to be the successful man that everyone expected him to be. However, Okonkwo gets himself exiled by killing a clansman, who happened to be Obguefi Ezeudus son. Ezeudu was a great elder, very famous in the village and was also very powerful. The vile act of killing a fellow clansman just furthered the conflict that arose in the story, the arrival and takeover of the missionaries, and complicated the story. Okonkwo fled to his mothers land for seven years, away from the European missionaries spreading Christianity and taking over the land. We all read about the men and their titles, but what about the women? What about their importance to the village? I noticed that the women arent trusted as much as the men are. We will write a custom essay sample on Women In Umofia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are often questioned about imaginary sexual relations and adultery. Whereas the men get off with a slap on the wrist if they cheat on any of their wives. As a matter of fact, the men dont even get the slap on their wrist. One example of this distrust is the isa-ifi ceremony, on page 132, where a woman, if away for a long period of time, is questioned about whether she was unfaithful to her husband during her long leave. Her husbands sister questions the bride about her sexual relations after the man asked for her hand in marriage. In doing this ceremony, they blatantly show their distrust of the women of their village. The gwomen are treated like untrustworthy creatures, who are not even trusted enough to go out for a few days without people breathing down their necks, as shown in both the aforementioned ceremony and the weddings that take place in the book. This brings me to another point: the women are sold off like bags of flour if one man has enough money. Their parents, m ainly the father, line up suitors and wait to see who could offer enough money to buy their daughter. I believe that is unfair and sexist toward women in general. There is this one part in the book, on page 117, where a girl, Akueke I believe, is being married off. Her father says, We are giving you our daughter today. She will be a good wife to you. She will bear you nine sons like the mother of our town. The sexist nature of the men in the village is shown clearly through that statement; the men refer the women of the village as child merely bearers, rather than the human beings they are. Another point is really more about the book in general. Achebe makes the women seem frightened and scared half of the time. Like when the egwugwu, which are people who masquerade as the ancestral spirits of the village, jumped into the crowd, the women, who were standing in a circle, jumped away, shrieking and screaming. Also, they are too frightened to go into Agbalas shrine for fear of being ki lled. They are portrayed as frightened creatures that cant fend for themselves. It seems, wherever the author is from, they taught him to think that women are always scared, which is biased because he only knows the women in his life and not the women around the world. So, in conclusion, the village of Umuofia is extremely sexist and Achebe didnt portray the importance of women enough in his piece of work, in my opinion. Women are basically what keep the society together. Women bear children, they care for said children when they are but babes, and they, being the patient creatures they are, teach the children what they need to know in order to become successful in the world. Most everyone relies on men to teach their own children, but the women, if my above statements are correct, are more capable of said task. The women are more mature than men also. They do not feel the need to compete with each other and waste time on superfluous activities; including gambling and such. Imagine a world with only men, it would be chaos; sexually and mentally frustrated men who eventually go crazy and kill one another, further endangering the human species; since men cannot bear children, and there would be no women to accomplish said task. See? Women are the foundation of our society. So, I ask you, what about the women? Where will the world be in a few years if females continue to be treated this way?

What Extent Do You Find The Influence Of Rousseaus Views essays

What Extent Do You Find The Influence Of Rousseaus Views essays Rousseaus ideology can be considered as more or less the foundation of the French Revolution. David (1748 1825) was a neo-classical painter of revolution who took his inspiration from both past and present. Davids painting, therefore, considering the fact that he was the painter of the French Revolution, depicted revolutionist ideas. The call-to-arms of the The Oath of Horatii, to the fall of a hero Marat at his Last Breathe and to the rise of Emperor Napoleon at St. Bernard all these painting have demonstrated the highs and lows of the French Revolution. There is a close link between Rousseaus ideas and the The Oath Of Horatii. It is actually a bombardment to the senses of an individuals particular will against a states general will in many senses. This can be seen in the pictorial space, layout of figures, etc. The following essay tries to demonstrate the extent of Rousseaus philosophy on Davids painting, The Oath Of Horatii. Let us first look at Rousseaus philosophy. Tired of intellectual restrictions of religion and the political constraints of absolutism, Jean-Jacques Rousseau came up with ideologies to counteract them. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a person or institution has authority if they are able to command others to do things. That authority becomes legitimate only if the person, or institution, possesses the right to command others. To be legitimate, the authority that the state has over the people must come from the people themselves, and not from a single entity such as the king. Power that comes from such sources is usually referred to as naked power. In such a scenario, it is doubtful as to whether the people are obeying the state because they ought to, or because they are afraid of the consequences if they do not. There is also no guarantee that in the absence of the state, the p...

Overwhelm and Underwhelm

Overwhelm and Underwhelm Overwhelm and Underwhelm Overwhelm and Underwhelm By Simon Kewin If you can overwhelm and underwhelm, can you also â€Å"whelm†? Both overwhelm and underwhelm are common enough words, but they appear to imply the existence of a root word â€Å"whelm†. Does such a word exist and, if so, what does it mean? The Oxford definition of overwhelm is as follows : verb 1. submerge beneath a huge mass. 2. defeat completely; overpower. 3. have a strong emotional effect on. (ORIGIN from archaic whelm ‘engulf or submerge’, from Old English.) As this makes clear, whelm is a word, but it is archaic and rarely used these days. And, what’s more, whelm and overwhelm actually have more or less the same meaning, although overwhelm perhaps suggests a more intense degree of being engulfed or defeated. But it’s as if overwhelm has taken over the job of its root word, making whelm redundant. These days, the original word is generally used only in poetic or deliberately archaic language. J. R. R. Tolkien, for example, used it in The Lord of the Rings. The third sense of overwhelm listed above have a strong emotional effect on – is a very recent development in the history of this word. And it’s from this that the opposite word underwhelm was coined. To underwhelm means, simply, to fail to impress or make a positive impact on, without any of the meanings to do with flooding or defeat. In other words, underwhelm evolved from overwhelm and not, curiously, from the rarely-used root word whelm at all. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†"Certified" and "Certificated"Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Youth Justice System in England and Wales in Comparison with another Essay

Youth Justice System in England and Wales in Comparison with another Country - Essay Example The three stages of juvenile justice system include pre-trial, trial, and post-trial. The pre-trial stage includes those activities that occur in between the time when a crime gets reported and the young criminal is taken for trial in the court. The trial is the stage when the proceedings occur within a court in order to judge the treatments for the young offender depending on his crime. Once the treatment/judgment against him/her is declared the treatment of the offender is represented by the post-trial stage. In the whole process, professionals including police, prosecutor, as well as judges have a significant role to play since it is their powers that together decide and implement the treatment of the young offender (Swain, 2009, p.230). Earlier it was thought that justice systems do not have much impact on the behavior of the offenders and that such individuals cannot be corrected. However, in England and Wales, the youth justice system was more strictly taken concern of after th e incident of a murder of a young child by another two 10 years’ old boys. This incident had shaken the world and since then the justice systems in these countries had become more strict and severe to take measures against youth crimes. Establishment of Youth Justice Board was considered intending to set up proper leaders and teams as well as standards to focus on the youth crimes occurring in these countries and thereby implementing measures to treat such offenders correcting them and bringing them back into the society (Graham & Moore, 2006, pp.65-66). The present study focuses on the youth justice system prevailing in England and Wales and comparing the system with that of another country that has been considered to be Netherlands for the particular study and discussing the extent to which each of these countries takes into account the welfare and rights of the child. The Youth Justice Board: The Youth Justice Board (YJB) in England and Wales represents a public body that is in charge of the justice system in England and Wales. The Secretary of State for Justice appoints the members of the body. The purpose of this board is to prevent criminal activities by young individuals thus making sure that the offenders are safely and securely taken care of while their trials proceed. The reasons for the youth being involved in crimes are tried to be analyzed by this board such that they can be prevented from repeating the activities in the future (About the Youth Justice Board, 2012). A survey conducted by the British Crime Survey (BCS) reveals that according to the perceptions of the society or the community, young offenders need to be rehabilitated in order to correct them of their crimes that they have committed. Around 45 percent of the respondents of the study by BCS had supported the rehabilitation program and believed that the Youth Justice System should have their focus on such programs. However other respondents had their belief that the young delinq uents were treated very leniently by the justice system (Youth Justice Statistics 2010/11, 2012). To understand these issues, the justice system, the records of criminal activities, and the respective treatments in England and Wales would be relevant for understanding through a detailed study that follows in the further sections of the report. Youth Justice System in England and Wales: The Youth Justice Board (YJB) is in charge of the youth justice system in England and Wales. The board has the responsibility of managing the young offenders as well as determining ways through which such offenders may be prevented from performing crimes in future. Of a total ?800 million that is considered as the cost of

History and Swot analyses of Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History and Swot analyses of Thailand - Essay Example , and later in the 19th century, the Chinese immigrants began to control the rice mills and other trades in Thailand (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.33). The Chinese people got perfectly assimilated into Thai culture and the Thai people adopted Chinese culture as a part of Thai culture (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.101). A quarter of the Thai population presently is of Chinese origin (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.101). The European entry into Thailand had a great impact on Thai culture and life ((Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.41). The Siamese monarchy and its government had many trade agreements with European traders ((Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.41). The Thai courts were supplied â€Å"weapons and luxury† by these traders ((Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.41). The material success that accompanied Christianity was a new idea for Thai people because according to the Thai Budhist religion, people were bound by the eventualities of fate (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.41). The European trade mobilized a market economy in Thailand (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.43). Though Britain and France had secret plans to accede certain parts of Thailand to their territories, the German expansionist move compelled these two nations to rally together against Germany and the result was a clear demarcation of Thailand’s boundaries by these nations through t reaties signed â€Å"between 1902 and 1909† (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.61). More significantly the weapon trade of Europeans acted as a catalyst in replacing the monarchy, and transforming Thailand into a nation ruled by military (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.99). The growth of the military was so phenomenal that â€Å"military expenditure rose from 1 million baht in 1898 to 13 million in 1909-1910 (Baker, Baker and Phongpaichit, 2009, p.99). Along with many other effects, the presence of Europeans had a bearing also on the clothing of

Poverty in Canada Essay Example for Free

Poverty in Canada Essay Poverty in Canada is a serious issue that needs to be effectively and efficiently addressed. Approximately one in six Canadians lives in poverty despite Canada being among the wealthiest developed countries. The poor live in poor housing conditions, earn minimal wages and overcrowded regions with some being forced into the streets, in cars or old vans. (www. kairoscanada. org). Poverty makes them live in fear, become malnourished, bad health conditions that make their lives a misery. Canada has a record of having the strongest economic growth especially from 1997-2003. What are the causes of poverty in Canada? Poverty rates for the minority groups’ for instance aboriginal people, new immigrants, single parents and one disabled are higher. These people lack secure employment from which they can earn a decent source of income. Without the finances they cannot cater for their basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. Lack of adequate and efficient government support also contributes to the higher rates of poverty. The poor get poorer when relevant authorities fail to provide or open channels through which they can access financial assistance. Poverty in Canada is highly correlated to gender, race and a citizen’s status in the society. (www. ccsd. ca). Those from families that are at a higher rank in terms of social power will be of better economic status compared to those from poor families. Poverty tends to be inherited as wealth and riches are. (www. kairoscanada. org). Education is a vital factor affecting or contributing to poverty. Parental education level affects how their children will be whereby those with tertiary education have the skills or knowledge to acquire decent employment that can enable them lead decent lives. The family size and structure also contributes to poverty. Single parents have higher chances of living in poverty as they have to single-handedly cater for their children. Large families also need more finances to cater for all their needs and small families generally tend to be better off. Cultural barriers and prejudice affects or influences government policies as well as social attitudes and economic structures. Distribution of wealth and not lack of it acts as a major cause of poverty in Canada. Poor pay act as a major determinant of poverty. The government allocates a minimal amount of resources for overall social transfers for instance on income assistance, child benefits, old age security, disability assistance, employment insurance and social assistance. New immigrants get poor wages and work under hostile conditions. Since they do not have permanent residency they are very susceptible to exploitation. They work for long hours, earn sub-standard wages, lack over time pay and are physically or verbally abused. (www. kairoscanada. org). Discrimination against women and people of colour hinders them from employment opportunities. Gender inequalities and domestic responsibilities, lack of appropriate childcare and language barriers hinder effective employment and consequently poverty levels rise. Family characteristics for instance the age of becoming a parent affects or rather influences family income levels and increases the chances of poverty. Research has shown that families of single mothers are generally poorer than families headed by men. In terms of wages paid women tend to earn less than males as they participate a lot in domestic chores and childcare (www. kairoscanada. org). They also tend to be more represented in the service and less paying employment opportunities as compared to men. What are the effects of poverty in Canada? Poverty in Canada has detrimental effects in economic, social as well as psychological aspects of those it involves. It deprives off the poor important things like food, shelter, clothing, education, health and employment. Inability to adequately provide for the poor is a cost to the government especially when cost of housing for example increases. Quality of healthcare provided is undermined as the demand for these services increases. Poverty is linked to poor health and since Canada provides universal health care it has increased expenses providing for more patients. Poverty and income inequalities have a major effect on health where health effects of poverty are felt more among the poor. The costs incurred on other services like education, recreation, transportation, security and pension also face a blow as the demand increases. (www. kairoscanada. org). Poverty affects people’s self esteem, dignity and belonging as it exposes them to hostile indecent living conditions. Those discriminated upon are emotionally affected by the way the society treats them. Poverty has a negative impact on social cohesion as well as economic prosperity. Poverty is also responsible for increased incidences of child labour and child abuse. Poor families can use their children to supplement their incomes. Criminal activities are aggravated by poverty since the poor may use illegitimate means to attain the basic necessities. How is poverty addressed or handled in Canada? Canadians fight or react to poverty in different perspectives. Direct donations and charity are offered to the poor and they include money, time, clothing and food. Economic based strategies are also developed for instance the creation of cooperatives and local businesses that are supported and run by the community in terms of funds or loans. This approach is beneficial to the community at large as what an individual could not have afforded is now affordable. Government protests and advocacy is another response to poverty. Churches and other non governmental organisations lobby to government to address vital issues like on income security where minimum wages can be set, employment insurance, childcare, social programs and fairness of taxation. Anti-poverty groups create or rather raise awareness of poverty and by so doing, keep the government in check. What are the strategies of fighting poverty in Canada? Government policies should be changed so as to increase more income supports for the Canadians. There should be increased security and remuneration in the labour markets whereby minimum wages as well as observance or adherence of human rights to part time and contract workers are considered. (www. socialjustice. org). There should also be increased accessibility to public facilities like housing, childcare as well as recreational programs. The children are a vulnerable population that ought to be adequately attended to. The Canadian government ought to be committed in setting targets of progress. Setting a parliamentary committee would also be appropriate especially in ensuring that there is transparency and effectiveness in the process of poverty eradication. It can establish fair tax systems for instance a low-income tax that can promote education to uplift the poor people’s living conditions. The government ought to assist single parents by increasing their benefits. Child benefits should also be increased so as to improve the living standards of children from poor families. Cultural transformation is also crucial if poverty is to be eliminated in Canada as cultural aspects influence poverty. (www. socialjustice. org). People can be encouraged to value and pursue academic goals so as to increase their chances of getting jobs that can enable them lead decent lives. An effective poverty eradication strategy is one that is made for the people and by the people. It is therefore very important to involve the minority groups like people of colour and women in the design and implementation of poverty eradication strategies. Families can be encouraged to raise small families so that their educational levels can be higher as their family incomes would be higher. Cooperative societies and other forms of community efforts to mobilize finances for the overall development should also be encouraged. They will be very important in ensuring that the status of the poor is uplifted. Education is very important in ensuring that people attain the necessary skills to fit in the job market. (www. conferenceboard. ca) Concerns of the poor should therefore be felt or reflected in the government policies as well as in its decision-making processes. Their human as well as economic rights should be fought for or respected. Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor would be an appropriate measure by the Canadian government. (english. napo-onap. ca). It only works to make the rich richer as the poor languish in poverty. Hiring processes should be fair and just so that the human rights are respected. Discrimination has negative effects, as it would result to under-utilisation of skills, capacities, talents and opportunities all of which are beneficial to the country as a whole.

the earths wind :: essays research papers

Extras Meteors A brilliant meteor, called a fireball, may weigh many kilograms, but even a meteor weighing less than a gram can produce a beautiful trail. Some of these visitors from space are large enough to survive (at least partially) their trip through the atmosphere and impact the ground as meteorites. Fireballs are sometimes followed by trails of light that persist for up to 30 minutes; some, called bolides, explode with a loud thunderous sound. Meteoroids The term meteor comes from the Greek meteoron, meaning phenomenon in the sky. It is used to describe the streak of light produced as matter in the solar system falls into Earth's atmosphere creating temporary incandescence resulting from atmospheric friction. This typically occurs at heights of 80 to 110 kilometers (50 to 68 miles) above Earth's surface. The term is also used loosely with the word meteoroid referring to the particle itself without relation to the phenomena it produces when entering the Earth's atmosphere. A meteoroid is matter revolving around the sun or any object in interplanetary space that is too small to be called an asteroid or a comet. Even smaller particles are called micrometeoroids or cosmic dust grains, which includes any interstellar material that should happen to enter our solar system. A meteorite is a meteoroid that reaches the surface of the Earth without being completely vaporized. Meteorites Meteorites have proven difficult to classify, but the three broadest groupings are stony, stony iron, and iron. The most common meteorites are chondrites, which are stony meteorites. Radiometric dating of chondrites has placed them at the age of 4.55 billion years, which is the approximate age of the solar system. They are considered pristine samples of early solar system matter, although in many cases their properties have been modified by thermal metamorphism or icy alteration. Comets Now we know that comets are lumps of ice and dust that periodically come into the center of the solar system from somewhere in its outer reaches, and that some comets make repeated trips. When comets get close enough to the Sun, heat makes them start to evaporate. Jets of gas and dust form long tails that we can see from Earth. These tails can sometimes be millions of miles long. In 1985-1986, a spacecraft called Giotto visited the most famous comet, Halley, on Halley's most recent visit to the inner solar system.

Identifying and defining problems Essay

Leaders are at the forefront of every organization. They are looked upon by their subordinates in initiating the plans and goals of the organization. In essence, leaders are the guiding light of every organization whenever the latter is experiencing financial and economic woes, turmoil within the organization or disruption in the organization’s work processes. A leader has the power to lift an organization out from the ashes of ruins and into the world of success. But with great power comes great responsibility, hence a leader should have, within him, the element of skill in identifying and defining problems. Whenever an organization, say a company or a corporation, loses its edge in competing in the market wherein it is situated, there is a need for it to innovate and change. Therefore, it is the leader’s duty to instill discipline among the employees, so as to push the whole organization into motion. Although â€Å"it’s difficult to put together a group with enough power to guide the effort or to convince key individuals to spend the time necessary to create and communicate a change vision†, (Kotter, p.36) a leader should have a sense of empathy with the organization’s employees, so as to let him be aware of what the whole organization is feeling about the whole effort of innovating and changing the organization. For problems to be identified and defined there is a need for the cooperation of both the managerial leaders and the rank and file employees. In undertaking a change within an organization, people often â€Å"underestimate the enormity of the task; the work requires great cooperation, initiative, and willingness to make sacrifices from many people. † (Kotter, p. 35) Empathy comes into play here. When the people within the organization know that there leader is to be trusted, they would not hesitate to cooperate in the leader’s efforts. Innovation and change will come eventually. The absence of a major visible crisis, low overall performance standards or a lack of sufficient performance feedback contribute to complacency which, in turn, contributes to laxity in doing the work processes below quality standards. Leaders should be adept at noticing or recognizing these sources of complacency so as to remove any hindrance to an organization’s effort to innovate and change. Add to this, as requirement for a leader, the skill of good listening; for through this, misinformation within the organization would be greatly decreased. It is said that opportunity is problem turned inside out; hence organizational problems often open many windows for innovation and change. The first step in managerial problem solving is problem and opportunity identification. Tushman and O’Reilly (2002, p. 40) said that just as physicians first focus on their patients presenting symptoms, managers must identify their organization’s critical problems. This done, they can then diagnose the causes of these problems and, in turn, take action to address them—while avoiding unexpected side effects. Similarly, once opportunities are identified, managers can analyze those aspects of the current organization that will get in the way of achieving the unit’s aspirations. With the authors’ idea in mind, a leader should know the actual assessment of the organization so that he can properly implement the right strategy to a particular unit in an organization. In doing this, a leader or â€Å"manager (and his or her team) needs to be clear about the strategy, objectives and vision of the unit. Such clarity is the bedrock of managing innovation and change. Only when strategy, objectives, and vision are defined can managers move on to an honest appraisal of the current performance of their organization. † (Tushman & O’Reilly, p. 41) After the mission and goals have been set and are clear in the minds of the unit members within the organization, efforts should be made in determining how the proposed strategies will fare considering the current performance of the organization. This will provide a situation wherein the management can gauge whether the mission and goals of the organization are realistic or not. As Tushman and O’Reilly have stated, organizational performance gaps are the differences between desired and real performance. These performance gaps can be termed as opportunity gaps. When we arrive at knowing these gaps, we would really be able to clearly formulate a clear and definite strategy to use in a particular situation. But strategies won’t materialize on their own; it needs painstaking efforts to be able to arrive at these strategies. What can a leader do about this? A good leader knows that he cannot steer the whole organization, especially if it is a big one, towards its goals on his own. He needs the help of all his subordinates. It is needed for the leader to encourage the management and the rank and file employees to join him in formulating and implementing these strategies for innovation and change to be realized. It is a fact that â€Å"creative thinkers tap into their imaginations by combining and recombining ideas or concepts to make new connections. Creative thinking is really about discovering new connections through the use of the imagination, diverse stimuli, and ‘creative-connections power tools’. † (Dundon, p. 42) In addition to these approaches for identifying and defining problems and opportunities for innovation and change in an organization, Dundon stated (2002, p. 64) that a preferred method for idea generation is having an â€Å"Innovation Group† which, because of its comprehensiveness and rigorous design, goes beyond the more common brainstorming method. This allows discussing and formulating ideas at a higher level within the group. Once these approaches have been taken, what a leader should do now is to carefully evaluate how the organization reacts to these implemented strategies so as for him to make necessary corrections when the need arises. ABSTRACT There are many approaches to identify and define problems that confront a particular organization. These problems would not be addressed and be made visible without the guidance or skill of a good leader. Hence, it is needed that a leader is knowledgeable of the processes of an organization, empathic and, best of all, a great innovator himself who believes in positive results that innovation and change bring to an organization. Sources: 1) Dundon, Elaine (2002). The Seeds of Innovation. New York, American Management Association 2) Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press 3) Tushman, Michael L. , & O’Reilly, Charles A. (2002). Winning Through Innovation. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press.

History of TV Broadcasting Essay

1950s During the 1950s, the University of Santo Tomas and Feati University were experimenting with television. UST demonstrated its home-made receiver, while Feati opened an experimental television station two years later. On October 23, 1953, the Alto Broadcasting System (ABS), the forerunner of ABS-CBN, made its first telecast as DZAQ-TV Channel 3. The ABS offices were then located along Roxas Blvd. ABS was owned by Antonio Quirino, brother of former president Elpidio Quirino. Consequently, the first telecast was that of a party at the owner’s residence, earning Elpidio Quirino the honor of being the first Filipino to appear on television. The station operated on a four-hours-a-day schedule (6-10PM), covering only a 50-mile radius. ABS was later sold to the Lopez family, who later transformed it into ABS-CBN By 1957, the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), owned by the Lopez family, operated two TV stations–DZAQ Channel 3 and DZXL-TV Channel 9. 1960s By 1960, a third station was in operation, DZBB-TV Channel 7, or, the Republic Broadcasting System. It was owned by Bob Stewart, a long-time American resident in the Philippines who also started with radio in 1950. RBS started with only 25 employees, a surplus transmitter, and two old cameras. During this time, the most popular horror series on Philippine television was Gabi ng Lagim. In 1961, the National Science Development Board was established. It was behind the earliest initiative to use local TV for education, â€Å"Education on TV† and â€Å"Physics in the Atomic Age.† In 1963, RBS TV Channel-7 Cebu was inaugurated The Metropolitan Educational Association (META), in cooperation with the Ateneo Center for Television Closed Circuit Project, produced television series in physics, Filipino, and the social sciences which were broadcast in selected TV stations and received by participating secondary schools. The META team was headed by Leo Larkin, S.J., with Josefina Patron, Florangel Rosario, Lupita Concio and Maria Paz Diaz as members. The project lasted from 1964 to 1974. By 1966, the number of privately owned TV channels was 18; ABS-CBN was the biggest network by the time Martial Law was declared. By 1968, the daily television content consisted mostly of canned programs; only 10% of programs was locally produced. The same year, ABS-CBN provided Filipinos with a live satellite feed of the Mexico Olympics. Filipino audiences also saw the Apollo 11 landing live in 1969. 1970s During Martial Law, Ferdinand Marcos ordered the closure of all but three television stations: channels 9 and 13 were eventually controlled by then Ambassador Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart’s Channel 7 was later allowed to operate with limited three-month permits. ABS-CBN was seized from the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., then president of the network, was imprisoned. In 1973, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) was organized to provide a mechanism for self-regulation in the broadcast industry. By the latter part of 1973, Channel 7 was heavily in debt and was forced to sell 70% of the business to a group of investors, who changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area (GMA) Radio Television Arts. Stewart was forced to cede majority control to Gilberto Duavit, a Malacaà ±ang official, and RBS reopened under new ownership, with a new format as GMA-7. When the smoke cleared, the viewer had channels 2, 9, 13, run by Benedicto; Duavit’s 7; and 4, which belonged to the Ministry of Information. When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was sold to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the name from CBN to KBS, Kanlaon Broadcasting System. So when a fire destroyed the KBS television studios in Pasay, the people of Benedicto took over the ABS-CBN studios on Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. His employees moved in, and by August 1973, KBS was broadcasting on all ABS-CBN channels. A year later, Salvador â€Å"Buddy† Tan, general manager of KBS, reopened Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The two Benedicto stations–KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2—mainly aired government propaganda. 1980s In 1980, Channels 2, 9, and 13 moved to the newly-built Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City. In 1980, Gregorio Cendaà ±a was named Minister of Information. GTV Channel 4 became known as the Maharlika Broadcasting System. When Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. GMA Channel 7 gave the historic funeral procession 10 seconds of airtime. In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, attempted to take over GMA Channel 7, just as she did with the Benedictos. However, she was foiled by GMA executives Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon. On February 24, 1986, MBS Channel 4 went off the air during a live news conference in Malacaà ±ang and during an exchange between Marcos and then Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver. The network was eventually taken over by rebel forces and started broadcasting for the Filipino people. On September 14, 1986, ABS-CBN Channel 2 made a comeback and resumed broadcasting after 14 years. On Novermber 8, 1988, GMA inaugurated the â€Å"Tower of Power,† its 777-feet, 100kW transmitter, the country’s tallest man-made structure. In 1988, PTV Channel 4, then MBS, was launched as â€Å"The People’s Station.† 1990s In the 1990s ABS-CBN launched the Sarimanok Home Page, the station’s Web presence, making it the first Philippine network on the Internet. On February 21, 1992, ABC Channel 5 reopened with a new multi-million-peso studio complex in Novaliches. By 1996, 89% of Filipinos and 57% of Philippine households watched television 6-7 days a week. In 1997, the Children’s Television Act (RA8370), providing for the creation of a National Council for Children’s Media Education, was passed. By 1997, 57% of Filipino households had at least one television. 100% of those in class AB had televisions, as opposed to only 4% in class E. In 1997, the Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation successfully launched Agila II, the country’s first satellite. By 1998, there were 137 television stations nationwide.

Infancy and Childhood Development Essays

Infancy and Childhood Development Essays Infancy and Childhood Development Essay Infancy and Childhood Development Essay Infancy and Early Childhood Development An infant is completely dependent, and the trust an infant develops is based on how dependable and reliable the caregiver is. Erik Erikson theory states that between birth and one year of age is the most important stage in psychosocial life development. Although it may not seem a significant amount of time, newborns and infants go through a lot of development compared to the rest of their average 75 years of life expectancy. This paper will explain how families affect the development of infants and young children. Evaluate different parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. It will also discuss early childhood education and its influence on cognitive development. How Families Affect Development Parents and cultures are pivotal to this process, which makes it biosocial not merely biological development (Berger, Ch. 5, 2007). Families greatly affect and infants developmental stages more than just socially, brain development is also affected. Parents and caregivers behaviors influence schedule and expectations of sleep patterns. Starting from birth is important to setting a pattern because sleep becomes regular and distinct sleep-wake patterns develop by age 1 (Berger, Ch. 5, 2007). Sleep deprivation is detrimental to brain development. The child gains its patterns from how structured the caregiver makes the scheduled. A mother who takes their child out constantly and has inconsistent hours may find it hard for their child to develop a sleep pattern as they get older. Mother who set a strict schedule in the early stages finds their children able to settle in to a consistent sleep pattern. Although giving a balance to what the infant is exposed to is just as important. Every gesture, move, sound and sight is a new experience for the infant. Early experiences help with the development of the parts of the cortex that are dedicated to senses and motor skills. The experiences are vital to synapses link to neurons. If the neurons go unused the brain will redirect that region to other sensations causing a lack of development in certain areas. Caregivers and parents need to constantly expose the infant to new experiences especially during the first year. Because each culture is different experience-dependant brain growth is different in each infant, but all well developed infants have the same potential in capabilities of emotion, linguistics, and sensory. Some emotions began at birth but other develop over time anger emerges with restriction and frustration, between 4 and 8 months of age, and becomes stronger by age 1 (Berger, p. 201, 2007). Fear develops at the end of age 1 as well but behaviorist believe that babies learn many things from their parents including fear. What to fear and what brings joy can come from learned actions of the parent or caregiver. The first 2 years are considered extremely important in all theories, caregivers and parents highly influence the child’s behaviors. In the epigenetic theory it is expressed that the influence even affects genetic traits such as temperament. Temperament is genetic but how the child inhibits it is influenced by the parent’s behaviors. Since human development in general is directly related to its cultural environment the caregiver-infant relationship has a huge impact on the infant’s development. The interaction the parent or caregiver has with the infant shapes the behavior. Influence from Parenting Styles Early years of a child are very important in developing emotional, social, physical, language, and even think skills. Parents are ongoing role models through the child life but the aspects of parenting that are linked with development of young children are social and emotional development. Parenting styles can be defined along two important dimensions: 1. Responsiveness: how well the parent is attuned to the child and able to respond to the child’s needs and interests, and 2. Control: how much the parent supervises and disciplines the child and requires obedience and self-control. (Canadian Council on Learning, p. 2, 2007) The style of parenting my parents used would be a combination of both responsiveness and control. However my mother was more controlling and less responsive compared to my father. I believe the affect that my parents parenting style had on me was somewhat positive although I do lack an emotional closeness to my family. I look for more of a friendship with my family versus a loving emotional connection. Socially I am not as strong as I think I could have been because I had trouble gaining friends in my early childhood. My interests were driven by what my parents wanted and what I believed would make them happy versus my own deep desires. Early Childhood Education and Cognitive Development Piaget and Vygotsky had quit a few differences but there bases where very similar. In general both theories state cognitive development happen throughout time. The differences however are between stages and zones, and interaction with more knowledgeable beings. Vygotskys theory emphasized the need of a MKO or More Knowledgeable Other. Piagets theory doesnt need any outside influence learning is internally stimulated. Piaget believed during early childhood maturity is achieved through stimilizing the cognitive ability. The maturing of the mind and thought process occurs from an education rich in hands on learning and sensory driven activities. During the child’s life span the child’s imagination and creativity become the main source that drives the learning process. Around this stage, 2-7 years old, education depends on maturing the cognitive schemes and developing new ones. Vygotsky and Piaget theories also differentiate by the use of Zone of Proximal Development, ZPD, and Stages. I believed Vygotsky to be more accurate. I think his learning theory of scaffolding and using different levels of assistance from a MKO is important to cognitive development. Also language has a very important role in learning development. Yes both Piagets and Vygotskys theories both put and emphasis on the environment playing a significant part in the cognitive development process but Vygotsky provided a very influential theory which provided a meaningful social context in the development of learning (Eddy, n. d. ). Conclusion Society, parents or caregivers, and environment are major influence in infant and early childhood development. Behaviors and personalities are molded beginning earlier than age 1. Education during the early childhood not only promotes growth intellectually but develops social maturity. The parent must find the balance and guide the infant not force them through their experience in order to obtain a beneficial development process. I believe the saying is true, â€Å"it takes a village to raise a child†. Reference Berger, Kathleen Stassen. (2007). The Developing Person Trough the Lifespan seventh edition. Canadian Council on Learning. (2007). Lessons in Learning. p2. Retrieved July 22, 2011 From ccl-cca. ca/pdfs/LessonsInLearning/Dec-13-07-Parenting-styles. pdf Eddy, Samuel. Psycho Hawks Making Psychology Simple for Everyone. . Retrieved July 24, 2011. From http://psychohawks. wordpress. com/about-the-blog/

Profile of Robert Koch, Founder of Modern Bacteriology

Profile of Robert Koch, Founder of Modern Bacteriology The German physician  Robert Koch (December 11, 1843 - May 27, 1910) is considered the father of modern bacteriology for his work  demonstrating that specific microbes are responsible for causing specific diseases. Koch discovered the life cycle of the bacteria responsible for anthrax and identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Fast Facts: Robert Koch Nickname: Father of Modern BacteriologyOccupation: PhysicianBorn: December 11, 1843 in Clausthal, GermanyDied: May 27, 1910 in Baden-Baden, GermanyParents: Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette BiewandEducation: University of Gà ¶ttingen (M.D.)Published Works: Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases (1877)Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1905)Spouse(s): Emmy Fraatz (m. 1867–1893), Hedwig Freiberg (m. 1893–1910)Child: Gertrude Koch Early Years Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch was born December 11, 1843 in the German town of Clausthal. His parents, Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette Biewand, had thirteen children. Robert was the third child and the oldest surviving son. Even as a child, Koch demonstrated a love of nature and showed a high degree of intelligence. He reportedly taught himself to read at the age of five. Koch became interested in biology in high school and entered the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1862, where he studied medicine. While in medical school, Koch was highly influenced by his anatomy instructor Jacob Henle, who had  published a work in 1840 proposing that microorganisms are responsible for causing infectious disease. Career and Research Upon earning his medical degree  with high honors from the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1866, Koch practiced privately for a while in the town of Langenhagen and later in Rakwitz. In 1870, Koch voluntarily enlisted in the German military during the Franco-Prussian War. He served as a doctor in a battlefield hospital treating wounded soldiers. Two years later, Koch became the District Medical Officer for the city of Wollstein. He would hold this position from 1872 to 1880. Koch was later appointed to the Imperial Health Office in Berlin, a position he held from 1880 to 1885. During his time in Wollstein and Berlin, Koch began his laboratory investigations of bacterial pathogens that would bring him national and world-wide recognition. Anthrax Life Cycle Discovery Robert Kochs anthrax research was the first to demonstrate that a specific infectious disease was caused by a specific microbe. Koch gained insight from prominent scientific researchers of his time, such as Jacob Henle, Louis Pasteur, and Casimir Joseph Davaine. Work by Davaine indicated that animals with anthrax contained microbes in their blood. When healthy animals were inoculated with the blood of infected animals, the healthy animals became diseased. Davaine postulated that anthrax must be caused by the blood microbes. Robert Koch took this investigation further by obtaining pure anthrax cultures and identifying bacterial spores  (also called  endospores). These resistant cells can survive for years under harsh conditions such as high temperatures, dryness, and the presence of toxic enzymes or chemicals. The spores remain dormant until conditions become favorable for them to develop into vegetative (actively growing) cells capable of causing disease. As a result of Kochs research, the life cycle of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was identified. Laboratory Research Techniques Robert Kochs research led  to the development and refinement of a number of laboratory techniques that are still in use today. In order for Koch to obtain pure bacterial cultures for study, he had to find a suitable medium on which to grow the microbes. He perfected a method for turning a liquid medium (culture broth) into a solid medium by mixing it with agar. The agar gel medium was ideal for growing pure cultures as it was transparent, remained solid at body temperature (37 °C / 98.6 °F), and bacteria did not use it as a food source. An assistant of Koch, Julius Petri, developed a special plate called a Petri dish for holding the solid growth medium. Additionally, Koch refined techniques for preparing bacteria for microscope viewing. He developed glass slides and cover slips as well as methods for heat fixing and staining bacteria with dyes in order to improve visibility. He also developed techniques for the use of steam sterilization and methods for photographing (micro-photography) bacteria and other microbes. Koch's Postulates Koch published Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases  in 1877. In it, he outlined procedures for obtaining pure cultures and bacteria isolation methods. Koch also developed guidelines or postulates for determining that a particular disease is due to a specific microbe. These postulates were developed during Kochs study of anthrax and outlined four basic principles that apply when establishing the causative agent of an infectious disease: The suspected microbe must be found in all instances of the disease, but not in healthy animals.The suspected microbe must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture.When a healthy animal is inoculated with the suspected microbe, the disease must develop.The microbe must be isolated from the inoculated animal, grown in pure culture, and be identical to the microbe obtained from the original diseased animal. Tuberculosis and Cholera Bacteria Identification By 1881, Koch had set his sights on identifying the microbe responsible for causing the deadly disease tuberculosis. While other researchers had been able to demonstrate that tuberculosis was caused by a microorganism, no one had been able to stain or identify the microbe. Using modified staining techniques, Koch was able to isolate and identify the responsible bacteria:  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Koch announced his discovery in March of 1882 at the Berlin Psychological Society. News of the discovery spread, quickly reaching the United States by April of 1882. This discovery brought Koch world-wide notoriety and acclaim. Next, as the head of the German Cholera Commission in 1883, Koch began investigating  cholera  outbreaks in Egypt and India. By 1884, he had isolated and identified the causative agent of cholera as  Vibrio cholerae. Koch also developed methods for controlling cholera epidemics that serve as the basis for modern day standards of control. In 1890, Koch claimed to have discovered a cure for tuberculosis, a substance he called tuberculin. Although tuberculin turned out  not to be a cure, Kochs work with tuberculosis earned him the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Death and Legacy Robert Koch continued his investigative research into infectious diseases until his health began to fail in his early sixties. A few years prior to his death, Koch suffered a heart attack brought on by heart disease. On May 27, 1910, Robert Koch died in Baden-Baden, Germany at the age of 66. Robert Kochs contributions to microbiology and bacteriology have had a major impact on modern scientific research practices and the study of infectious diseases. His work helped to establish the germ theory of disease as well as to refute spontaneous generation. Kochs laboratory techniques and sanitation methods serve as the foundation for modern day methods for microbe identification and disease control. Sources Adler, Richard. Robert Koch and American Bacteriology. McFarland, 2016. Chung, King-thom, and Jong-kang Liu. Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science. World Scientific, 2017. Robert Koch - Biographical. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, 2014, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html. Robert Koch Scientific Works. Robert Koch Institute, www.rki.de/EN/Content/Institute/History/rk_node_en.html. Sakula, Alex. Robert Koch: Centenary of the Discovery of the Tubercle Bacillus, 1882. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 1983, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1790283/.

Retail Marketing (Tesco) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Retail Marketing (Tesco) - Assignment Example A very humble beginning in 1919 when Jack Cohen began this journey gradually transformed the fortunes. Strong Government support: It was the state patronage which encouraged the promoters of Tesco to plan for future. Not many hurdles were created by the political class. In fact Tesco also kept the ruling class in good humor by taking politically correct steps from time to time. Minimal competition during those early days: Those were the golden days when Tesco came out with its first branded tea in 1924, not many competitors were around and terms like 'cut-throat' were not even introduced. Satisfied customer: Grabbing customer attention is not a big deal but retaining customer loyalty requires sound thinking at the top. A satisfied customer often takes pride in becoming a goodwill ambassador for the company. Tesco team says, "our core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty." By all accounts it can be said that they are indeed working, quite successfully, towards that. Reigns in the hands of able management and shrewd strategists: "Winners don't do different things, They do things differently"1 This statement gives full credit to strategists of successful enterprises. Strategic decisions provide a direction in which the organisation is to move. Organisation's mission and objectives find a reflection of strategists. Tesco has a long term strategy for growth, based on four key parts: growth in the Core UK, to expand by growing internationally, to be as strong in non-food as in food and to follow customers into new retailing services. Committed workforce: Organisations are not passive components. They are live, full of activity and environment-responsive like living beings. With time organisations acquire a character and develop a typical personality and we tend to make an image of the employee depending on the organisation he/ she works for. This very personality of the organisation considerably influences the functions of organisation in the long run. Reasonably good industrial relations: Keeping the workforce in good humor by providing them with adequate benefits and considering them as an inseparable part of the organisation helps in resolving the disputes quickly. Good investor relations: This becomes all the more important when general public has a stake in any. After becoming Tesco PLC from Tesco Stores (Holdings) in 1983, Tesco became a public company and it has been sharing good amount of its profits with investors. Understanding the environment: Continuously monitoring the environment and following the leads is key to a successful business. Continuously studying the different aspects of environment (social, political, legal, technological, etc) and taking corrective and adaptive steps accordingly helps in growing of an organisation. Tesco started computerised check out counters as early as 1982 and this stride continued with opening of www.tesco.com and its online operations. On the societal front Tesco states, "One of our most important values is to treat people how we would like to be treated."2 With this in mind Tesco makes a significant contribution to communities through its charitable giving and community-based education programmes Making excellent use of its strengths and grabbing the opportunities at the right moment: Understanding one's strengths and making fullest use of the opportunities makes a

Indigenous knowledge in education systems Assignment

Indigenous knowledge in education systems - Assignment Example The Common Curriculum Framework for the Language and Culture Programs of the Aboriginal Kindergarten to the twelfth Grade was developed as a collective effort. The effort encompassed the Western Canadian Protocol Aboriginal Languages Working Group and the Elder Advisors and, with contributors from British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Saskatchewan. The paper was intended to serve as a framework that would reflect the universal beliefs and values integral in Aboriginal cultures in acknowledgment of the pedagogical issues in the Aboriginal system of education (Bopp, et al. 2004). In reference to Bopp et al (2004), the First Nations, Inuit and MÃ ©tis education policy framework of 2002 that was developed by Alberta Learning, in partnership with Native Education Policy Review Advisory Committee Representatives and Elders, was envisioned to demonstrate the department’s guarantee to enhance educational opportunities and chances for Aboriginal learners and students in Alberta. Additionally, it was intended to develop and progress an ongoing exchange of ideas with other education stakeholders and Aboriginal communities (Bopp et al., 2004). The initiated frameworks share the voices of indigenous elders speaking on the relationship Laws. These laws include humanity’s Relationship with the Natural World; humanity’s Relationship with one another; humanity’s Relationship with themselves; reconstruction and Colonization.

Nuclear power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuclear power - Research Paper Example However, in 1789, Uranium was discovered by a German scientist named Martin Klaproth. In 1942, beneath the bench of a football ground at the University of Chicago, Enrco Fermi who was the noble prize winner with his group was working on an important project. They were on a mission to create first nuclear reactor (Armaroli, Nicola, and Vincenzo 1). Nuclear reactor was consisted of graphite (400 tons) and uranium (60 tons). ZIP was the main lever for stopping the experiment if any problem occurs. It was controlled by Canadian Physicist Walter Zinn. Fermi checked the increase in power and with the passage of time that found out that the objective was gained. They sent a private message to Washington that the nuclear energy had turned into a reality. The struggles of Canada’s scientific group were a victory and the nuclear reactor was constructed. The nuclear energy is discharged from atoms in two various methods: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear Fission works by dividing an unbalanced uranium nucleus creating nuclear power. This creates neat which bubbles water and makes stream. This steam changes turbines to produce energy. The difficulty is that after flaming is done, the remaining material remains radioactive for thousands of year. Nuclear fission is believed to be very sanitary form of power. It works by joining two nuclei to form a larger nucleus. Fusion gives power to bubble water and create steam to form turbines. Unluckily, Scientists have not yet been able to utilize nuclear fusion to create electricity because there are three necessary things needed for this procedure; extreme High temperature, two nuclei tha t will combine together and provide energy, the capability to store the energy (Murray, Raymond, and Keith 11) Thus, nuclear fission works basically on uranium but nuclear fusion utilizes tritium and deuterium, both isotopes of hydrogen which are considered as unconstrained sources of

Construction Essays Construction Clients Olympic

Construction Essays Construction Clients Olympic Construction Clients Olympic Three different case studies namely: (1) Olympic stadium; (2) Wembley stadium; and (3) Arsenal Emirates stadium have been specifically chosen to critically analyse different psyches and make ups of construction clients as well as the procurement routes discussed in previous chapters. The evaluation seeks to find out how the construction clients have influenced the delivery of projects; how the construction client have adhered to the recommendations of the government and industrys reports and how the adopted procurement routes have helped in improving the UK construction industry performance. This chapter basically relies on the issues discussed in preceding chapters in critically appraising the way the projects procurements were carried out. The authors commentaries have been given in green while the case studies notes predominantly obtained through the internet are given in the normal black. CASE STUDY 1: THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC STADIUM All the case study materials for the Olympics stadium were obtained from only one source which is the internet. The Project The Olympic stadium is a project that is part of an intricate Olympic programme which is embodied by a compulsory timetable and programme of works that affects the development of each of the facilities that makes up the Olympic programme. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers The delivery of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics games facilities is regarded as the biggest and most intricate project embarked on in the UK for a very long time (MPA, 2006). The site for the Olympics will be Europes largest regeneration project (LSC, 2007). The hub essence of the project is the development of facilities for the games as well as the regeneration of the section of eastern part of the capital city, London (BBC, 2008a). According to WLB (2006), the development of the Olympic facilities and their legacy transformation includes (1) five permanent venues construction namely- Olympic Stadium, Aquatic Centre, Velopark, Handball Arena and Eton Arena; (2) three temporary sporting venues (Basketball Arena, Hockey and Fencing Venues); (3) International Broadcast Centre/Main Press Centre construction; (4) permanent and temporary structures, roads and bridges; (5) site-wide utilities infrastructure; earthwork and extensive landscaping; and (6) extensive post games legacy r egeneration works. The Olympic stadium brief was drafted to produce an amazing 80,000-seater stadium for the hosting of the track and field events as well as the opening and closing ceremonies for both the Olympic and Paralympics games (WLB, 2006). After the games it would be demounted or perhaps reduced to 25,000 seats, but still retains the maintainable and rational capacity of hosting ranges of sporting, educational, cultural and community events with athletics being its core use (WLB, 2006a). The knack of conversion of the stadium from an 80,000-seater venue to a 25,000-seater venue with 55,000 demounted immediately the Olympics ends is regarded as highly innovative and espouses great forward thinking (BBC, 2008a). The  £496 million Olympic stadium design is motivated by a commitment made during Londons bid to bequeath a world class athletics legacy rather than a succession of flamboyant edifice as exemplified in previous Olympics (Guardian, 2008). While considering how to reduce and come up with a reasonable cost and make the demounting of the stadium (as outlined in the project brief and shown in Fig 5.2a) less complicated, the majority of the services usually found within the stadium such as catering, bars, toilets and merchandise stalls was designed to be located in pods on the forecourt outside the stadium (Guardian, 2008). According to BBC (2008a) the main features of the design are (1) a sunken bowl built into the ground for the field of play and lower permanent seating, designed to bring spectators close to the action;(2) 25,000 permanent seats + 55,000 demountable; (3) a cable-supported roof that will stretch 28 metres the whole way around the stadium, providing cover for two-thirds of spectators; (3) a fabric curtain will wrap around the stadium structure, acting as additional protection and shelter for spectators; and (4) facilities such as catering and merchandising will be grouped into self-contained pod structures. The Olympics Minister, Tessa Jowell MP in her words extols the virtues of the concept and stated that Once the Games are over this will then be translated into a stadium that will not only host grand prix athletics events and other national sport events but will also serve the communities of the boroughs (BBC, 2008a). After completion the stadium will supplement and complements other grand stadia around London such as Wembley, the Emirates and the Twickenham stadia (BBC, 2008a). The Client The Olympic programme involves a complex array of 5 key stakeholders (MPA, 2006) as shown in Fig. 5.2c and bidding for the Olympic has to be in conformation with the International Olympic Committees (IOC) guidelines (Guardian, 2008b). The Olympic board comprises of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, the Mayor of London, Lord Moynihan, Lord Coe and Jack Lemley (MPA, 2006). The first two people mentioned chair the board alternatively while the rest of the board acts in advisory capacity (MPA, 2006). The Olympic Board Steering Group (OBSG) comprises of senior officials of the 5 key stakeholders namely: (1) ODA; (2) the London Organising Committee of the Olympics Games (LOCOG); (3) the Greater London Authority (GLA); (4) British Olympic Association (BOA); and (5) the Government (MPA, 2006). Their main functions are to collectively advice and provide assurance to the board (MPA, 2006). These stakeholders have differing perceptions as to what constitute success. While they all have different responsibilities towards the success of the game, their individual objectives has to be met. It is worth noting that their varying objectives were well reconciled as per the game. Shared understanding was created among them and reconciliation of objectives was easy because one of the predominant overarching aims of both the UK government and IOC for the games is sustainability. As discussed earlier in chapter 4, the Egan report recommends sustainability which is in consonance with the stadium co nstruction aims. IOC parameters stipulates that the construction costs had to be given in prices in the year of the bidding (2004) rather than the likely overall costs in hosting year of 2012 (Guardian, 2008b). This led to the  £280 million bid book price to the IOC (Guardian, 2008b). It augurs that prices had to be going up constantly due the inflation in the UK construction industry which ran at 6.5% as at late 2007 (Guardian, 2008b). The issue of the under budgeting which created widespread criticism was partly as a result of the IOCs strict guidelines of presenting costing within a certain parameters. The inflation in the construction industry is currently running on close to 7% as against a lower one in 2004 when the estimate was made. The IOC ought to have considered economic terms and allowed for future prices to be made as in most accounting future predictions. It is rather surprising and somewhat disheartening to note that IOC had to wait this long to change the negative presentation of us ing bidding year costing as the actual cost of stadium to be built in 8years time!. With prevailing interest rates which tends to force cost escalation gave the public negative opinion and views with cost rising up to 100% increase! The demounting cost of the stadium as well as value added tax (VAT) were not included in the initial  £280 million cost submitted to IOC which meant the venue was always going to cost more than originally figured (Guardian, 2008b). The brief was hurriedly made which never tallied with the tactical issues of the whole concept. The author reckons that there was no comprehensive one at the time! The strategic issues and the tactical issues were not in unison because of the prevalent atmosphere of uncertainty surrounding winning the bid. Irrespective of the chosen procurement routes, changes in brief will definitely lead to changes in cost. Moreover, while offering plausible reasons for the demounting and being optimistic of a possible buyer of the demountable parts, it is still seen that finding a possible buyer could be onerous or perhaps impossible. Designs and technology change rapidly and likewise innovations which tends to leads to changes in materials. Todays innovation can be t omorrows error! The vision and strategic objectives are well spelt out. According to MPA (2006) the vision is To host an inspirational, safe and inclusive Olympic and Paralympics games and leave a sustainable legacy for London and the UK. As shown in the Fig. 5.2c above, the ODA is the public body responsible for the development and construction of all the new venues and infrastructure for the Games and thus represents the clients on the project (MPA, 2006). The ODA was considered to be a comparatively small organization structure and an industry representative called the private delivery partner was chosen to take up the balance of the mishmash of resources provision and management (MPA, 2006). CLM was however chosen as the private delivery partner. Though they are knowledgeable and experience client, as discussed in chapter 2, they still engage external expertise to augment their in-house assemblage. This was a smart approach in the right direction considering the magnitude of the project at hand. The CLM is a consortium of Laing O Rourke Plc, Mace Ltd and CH2M Hill and was appointed to work with the ODA to project manage the venues and infrastructure programme for the games. Their functions include the integration of design, construction, commissioning, procurement, scheduling and cost management (MPA, 2006). The consortium signed performance based contract where profit will be earned if targets are met thus making it a reward structure linked with delivery. 5.2.3 The Analysis of the Procurement Process ODA launched a procurement policy that highlights both high quality and value for money as core values for procuring contracts for all the 2012 Games venues and infrastructural developments (WLB, 2006b). ODA chose a competitive process to procure an Integrated Design and Construct Team for the design and construction of the Olympic stadium so as to ensure top quality design, construction and completion, commissioning, testing and licensing of the stadium for the Games (Creative Match, 2006). The procurement policy has themes such as security measures, sustainability and legacy and thus allows all businesses bidding for contracts to be rated according to a balanced scorecard (WLB, 2006b). The policy is expected to result in an excellent working relationship with shared values and objectives of sustainability and lasting legacy with the best of businesses and companies found in the UK construction industry (WLB, 2006b). It is envisaged that the successful bidder must have an innovative design flair, capacity, experience, technical expertise, financial and economic strength (Creative Match, 2006). This was successfully achieved through the appointment of the preferred bidder. The ODA preferred tendering option was the Electronic tendering (E-tendering), a two stage competitive process which allows companies to take part in tenders in a secured and efficient way (WLB, 2006a). In consonance with the EU guidelines (WLB, 2006a), 7 national and international applications/bids were received to pre-qualify for the contract (NAO, 2008). Consequently, in compliance with the public contracts regulations, ODA sets prequalification criteria which were only met by Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd submission (WLB, 2006a) and was considered both viable and compliant with requirements (NAO, 2008). It is however worth noting that competition was not keen because of the progress of only one successful tenderer to the next stage. The use of two stage tendering is to give chance for competition which never materialised. To the authors consternation it is a shame to the industry. The Australian company, Multiplex would have provided a stiff competition to Sir McAlpine had they success fully executed the Wembley national stadium project. Moreover, negotiations started between ODA and Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd and a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which is legally binding was signed to both design and build the Olympic stadium (WLB, 2006a). To the dismay of ODA, a particular bidder team was without a construction contractor despite the core requirement for an integrated design and build bid (NAO, 2008). Again, this is a shame to the UK construction industry which produces 6% of the nation GDP. The action does not exemplify professionalism. The integrated design and construction approach will reduce risk and potential cost overruns (Creative Match, 2006). However, as it turned out an additional  £29 million pounds which translates to  £525 million is expected to be the potential final cost! ODA reckons that the lackadaisical interest was as a result of the risk perception of high profile stadium project in the UK public sector and also the advance knowledge that Team Stadium was also a bidder (NAO, 2008). However, due to the failure of other bidders, ODA entered into a single tender basis with Team Stadium (NAO, 2008). The failure of Multiplex to produce a successful Wembley stadium resulted in its non consideration. The MoU entails the key commercial terms which created the basis of the full integrated design and build contract and records the terms on which the contractor agreed for further design development before the signing of full contract (WLB, 2006a). Considerable design and value engineering was carried out on the project and the signing of the MoU allowed the development of design which necessitated the early procurement of commodities such as steel needed to build the Stadium (London2012, 2007). It is worth giving kudos here that, as observed in chapters 3 and 4, one of the averred recommendations of the government and industry reports is the early supply chain assemblage. Also, the use of value management in removing unnecessary design and cost as discussed in chapter 4, which is a key theme in NAO modernising construction report of 2001, is a welcome adherence. The Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd and their designers are known as the Team Stadium (WLB, 2006a). According to WLB (2006a) the Team Stadium comprises of: (1) Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd (Construction contractor); (2) HOK Sport Ltd (Architect and Sport venue designer); and (3) Buro Happold Ltd (Structural and services engineers) (WLB, 2006a). The three companies have at different times worked together on different projects namely: (1) Arsenal stadium (Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd, Buro Happold Ltd and HOK Sport Ltd; (2) ExCeL Exhibition Centre (Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd and Buro Happold Ltd); and (3) The Eden project (Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd and Buro Happold Ltd). This demonstrates integration of supply chain, long term relationship and collaborative workings as dictated in all the previous chapters. Consequently, a design and build contract was signed with the Team Stadium on 17 March 2008 (NAO, 2008). This demonstrates single point responsibility and adherence to government directives of 3 effective procurement routes that exemplifies value for money as observed in chapter 2 and 3. A forecast of potential cost of  £525 million was envisaged in March 2008 which reflects the uncompetitiveness of the procurement process and the changes in the design and scope requirements as a result of roof amendment (NAO, 2008). Therefore,  £525 million stands as the potential final cost and  £496 million as the budget (NAO, 2008). This is common to all design and build route and its variants as discussed in chapter two. Design changes and variations are costly. 5.2.4 Lessons Learnt It is still premature to ascribe failure to the Olympic stadium because of the besmirched and unpleasant information available to the public. With cost also escalating every seconds of the day, these has eroded the mind of the public and cast bad impression about the stadium success. Most messy projects always have time and cost overrun attached to them which always leads to adversarialism. When a project involves multiple stakeholders with little time to bid for the Olympics, there are bound to be hurried assembly of bids which might not be absolutely impeccable. This indicates that lesson should always be learnt from the limitation of previously held Olympics. The IOC has taken a wonderful timely reversion of presenting bid costs in the year of hosting rather than in the year of bidding which is a welcome action. Smart approaches are been taken to erase the bad impression and re-create public confidence. The time table have been reset with the project starting three months ahead of schedule which is hoped to make the stadium available before the scheduled time. Also, the early assembling of the teams is really helping the progress of the project. The procurement policy which is in consonance with the stakeholders objectives of sustainability and legacy derivation is seen to be a right move in the right direction. It has resulted in excellent working arrangement of the assembled team. Moreover, it is worth acknowledging that any endeavour that is worth doing should be done well. The Sir McAlpines past achievement record was the overarching consideration of their success, while Multiplex shame delivery of the Wembley hindered them from even tendering for the project. The design and build can be seen to be the right route for the stadium delivery. While its limitation of not been so good in quality can be enhanced by close monitoring of project managers, its time and cost certainty for the stadium delivery is a forte attached to it which is most important for the stadium delivery. CASE STUDY 2: THE WEMBLEY NATIONAL STADIUM The Project There is the worldwide believe that the Wembley national stadium has always had an exceptional place in the annals of the UK as an event and entertainment centre (Quintain, 2004). During the late 20th century, the Wembley national stadium hosted series of major park, theatre and funfair events such as the 1924 British Empire Exhibition, the 1934 Empire Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, the 1996 World Cup Finals, the 1978 Eurovision Song Contest, the 1996 European Championships and several other events staged in between (Quintain, 2004). The stadium was demolished in 2002 and rebuilt in 2006 to a 90,000-seater stadium (WNSL, 2008). The new  £757 million Wembley national stadium (NAO, 2003) is now almost thrice as large as its former size with its arch positioning 140 metres beyond its concourse, which is considered enormous enough to roll the London eye beneath!(Quintain, 2004). Though the arch replaced the twin towers which were the stadiums symbol, the Wembley national stadium is still considered as an icon just as the old Wembley stadium (SPG, 2008a). Though controversy trailed the demolition of the iconic twin towers, but it is worth giving kudos for the eventual settlement of the uproar with the impeccable choice of the arch. The project was triggered in 1996, by the clamour for a new English national stadium and consequently after national competition, Sport England overwhelmly selected Wembley as the preferred site (House of Commons, 2004). Sport England overarching objective was support the development of an iconic stadium for three major sports namely football, rugby league and athletics (NAO, 2003). The principal uses of the Wembley national stadium are football and rugby league (NAO, 2003). It is mandated that after five years of the stadiums operation, 1% of its annual turnover will be donated by WNSL for the delivery to sports education and other projects (NAO, 2003). The Client The Football Association (FA) was at the forefront of the stadium project and the stadium was eventually brought to life by its subsidiary, WNSL (House of Commons, 2004). WNSL was responsible for its construction and consequently charged with operating and owning the new stadium (NAO, 2003). The Wembley National Stadium project was wholly undertaken by private sector organisations and was mostly financed by private capital (NAO, 2003). The public sector contribution towards the construction of the stadium was  £161 million with the breakdown of: (1)  £120 million from Sport England; (2)  £20 million from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS); and (3)  £21 million from the London Development Agency (NAO, 2003). The full contributions of the key stakeholders (both the public and private sectors) and the various uses of the funds are as shown in Fig. 5.3b and 5.3c respectively. Profits generated from the operation of the Wembley National Stadium are used by the FA for the benefit of football (NAO, 2003). The issue of track inclusion in the design created a bit of acrimony between Sport England (SE) and WNSL (House of Commons, 2004). However, it was later decided that athletics consideration (track) should be withdrawn which SE was persuaded to accept unwillingly (NAO, 2003). This act is seen to be unfair. As one of the key stakeholders a meeting ought to be called and sought the view of SE before taking any decision. Perhaps value management exercise ought to have been carried out as discussed in one of the industry report and all the stakeholders especially SE would have a shared understanding as to why the track is to be removed. The Analysis of the Procurement Process On 14th July 1999, WNSL threw open bids submission for contractors for the Wembley national stadium (Building, 2008). Mowlem, HBG, Sir Robert McAlpine and Bovis/Multiplex were the companies that responded to the invitation (Building, 2008). In early 2002, Cyril Sweett was hired by WNSL as the independent consultants and the firm consequently gave Multiplex contract a clean sheet as providing value for money (SPG, 2008a). Initially, Multiplex was agreed as the preferred contractor on a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) design and build contract of  £326.5m (which does not include design fees) with a 31/4-year programme to construct the Wembley stadium (Building, 2008). The Wembley National Stadium project was completed in 2007 at an amazingly high cost of  £757 million (House of Commons, 2004) with the stadium eventually gulping  £445 million (NAO, 2003). The project overran on time and cost. The design of the stadium was carried out by architects Foster and Partners and HOK Sport while Sir Norman Foster designed the arch and the roof structure (SPG, 2008a). According to Building (2008) the tendering process started with the appointment of Bovis/Multiplex consortium in 2000 as the preferred contractor which was later dissolved and Multiplex was appointed. Bovis opted out when it envisaged that the agreed price was not tenable or visible (Building, 2008). This was the genesis of the stadiums problem. As a deeply rooted company in the UK, Bovis understood very clearly that construction was not visible at that cost. However, owing to the plausible smart play of WNSL and the ubiquities of mischief associated with the design and construct route were contractors bid low in order to wait for claims and variations to improve their profit. WNSL fell for the trap and an agreement was signed. But this turned out to be adversarial leading to numerous accusation and court cases. Moreo ver, Tropus was first appointed as Wembley project manager whose contract ran out and was consequently replaced by Symonds (Building, 2008). Due to the clamour in 1996 for a national stadium, Wembley was consequently chosen as the preferred site (House of Commons, 2004). Two years later, SE awarded  £120 million towards the development of the project (House of Commons, 2004). It was however envisaged in 1998 that the construction cost would be in the region of  £320 million and to be completed within 4 years (House of Commons, 2004). However, in year 2000 the project suffered financial setback and a request for additional public fund was initiated by the FA in 2001, but the Secretary of State for Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) declined and asked Mr Patrick Carter to review the project (House of Commons, 2004). A staggering sum of  £1.6 million was squandered in reviewing the project (House of Commons, 2004). From the authors viewpoint, expending such an amount of money in reviewing does not exemplify value for money. A report from Tropus should have been taken serious and re-tendering ordered instead of spending the money on reviewing and coming out with little effective report. It was noted during the course of the review, that there was lapses on the project by WNSL and DCMS was also cognisant of concerns about features of the management such as the procurement process which resulted in the appointment of Multiplex as the main contractor to build the stadium (House of Commons, 2004). This concerns led to its investigation by Mr David James CBE stemming from the request of the then Chairman of Wembley National Stadium Limited (House of Commons, 2004). While no speck of evidence of impropriety was found, serious concerns were raised as to whether equal opportunity was granted to all the bidders (House of Commons, 2004). A conclusion was however reached that the procurement process did not meet the highest standards expected in the industry (House of Commons, 2004). It was noted that a comprehensive formal procurement process was not enacted by WNSL and it was also seen that for the award of the same contract, they ran two separate corresponding tendering processes on dissimilar terms (House of Commons, 2004). To buttress the non enforcement of level playing ground, it was also noted that they had dialogue with Multiplex before the commencement of the formal procurement process (House of Commons, 2004). As a client of the construction industry, the action is seen to be against best practice. As an industry seen to be besmirched with image problem, a favourable and fair level playing ground is expected to be provided by the construction client for active involvement of all and sundry. It was therefore concluded by the then Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport that the availability of further public funding would be hinged on meeting series of tests by both the FA and WNSL (House of Commons, 2004). However, these tests were later met and the project was considered commendable of further support (House of Commons, 2004). DCMS thought of re-tendering the construction contract as a condition of further support was discarded on the ground that no likelihood of savings to the public purse would be achieved (House of Commons, 2004). This was a wise decision considering that  £1.6 million has been expended on review and more time might be wasted in re-tendering. Two reports were published by Tropus and James and they both concluded that WNSL never followed best practice thereby bereft of best value (Building, 2008). It was however argued that players in the UK industry were not given ample chance to compete for the project (Building, 2008). The arch construction started in 2003 and its fabrication was done on-site using steel modules manufactured by steel subcontractor Cleveland Bridge. However, irreconcilable differences erupted between Cleveland Bridge and Multiplex and the former had to leave the project and was replaced by another steel subcontractor called Hollandia (SPG, 2008a). Cleveland Bridge was unsure if they would be paid for the materials to be employed (SPG, 2008a). This later resulted into a court case (SPG, 2008a). This reinforced the issue of long time relationship and effective supply chain integration as discussed earlier in previous chapters. The author reckons that Bovis/Multiplex consortium would have provided strong supply chain ties needed for success. Bovis is a deeply rooted company that understands the UK industry and has a strong supply chain leaning unlike the Australian company. While accepting the EU directives, it is also more important to look at the antecedence of magnitude of projects executed by the company in the country under consideration. If there had been strong supply chain ties between Multiplex and its steel sub-contractor, the issue of distrust of payment would never have arose. Lessons Learnt The design and build and its various variants are expected to be produce cost and time certainty which were never on the Wembley stadium. The novated design and build which was employed on the case study was expected to allow the client the opportunity to have great input into the design before novating the designer to the contractor after output specification would have been fully specified. From the case study, the GMP novated Design and Build contract was hurriedly assembled by WNSL without fully establishing its requirement. This is considered inappropriate and as discussed in previous chapters, can lead to adversarialism. Consequently, the project was characterised with numerous court cases. It was also noted that the project was full of adversarial relationship both on the sides of the client and contractor and the contractor and sub-contractor. All the benchmark reports as discussed in chapter four advocated for long term relationship and effective supply chain management. Knowledge of UK construction industry terrain is very essential which as noted in the case study was not quite and fully understand by Multiplex. WNSL too never made matter easy by allowing Bovis to walk out of the process and rushing into agreement with only the Australian company. As noted in the case study, Multiplex is partially or perhaps bereft of the modus operandi of the UK construction industry and the author reckons that was why multiplex entered into a consortium with Bovis. However, WNSL action and consideration of multiplex could be seen to be based on price alone and perhaps very low cost consideration which is not in consonance with best practise. Strong and effective supply chain was devoid in the project leading to massive rift between the supply chain due to lack of long term relationship. As noted in case study one of the Olympic stadium, Multiplex image has been besmirched by its unsuccessful execution of the Wembley national stadium. It can be concluded that for a construction company continued existence and progress in the volatile UK construction industry, successful and unsuccessful past project execution will surely play significant role in its successful bidding for project. Lastly, the project was seen to lack effective stakeholders management. Due consideration needs to be given to all stakeholders before changing any aspect of the project. Effective and timely consideration needs to be the watchword. CASE STUDY 3: THE ARSENAL EMIRATES STADIUM The Project The Emirates stadium is a 60,000-seater stadium constructed in Ashburton Grove as a replacement for the Highbury stadium which was the former ground (SPG, 2008b). The Emirates stadium is the home of premier league Football Club called Arsenal. Announcement was made in late 2004 that the new stadium would be known as the Emirates stadium